Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University

2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran

3 - Research Professor, Forest and Rangeland Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iran

4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Iran

Abstract

In this survey, 9 Iranian taxa of Anemone L. and Pulsatilla Mill. are studied by their leaf macro and micro-morphological features to understand the importance of these characteristics in identifying taxa of these genera. In order to achieve more accurate results the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) is also used. Several features such as size, shape, trichome, epidermal pattern, segment shape and tip of leaf are tested. 4 types including Trisect, Palmately trisect, Ternately compound and Pinnaitesec are observed based on leaf shape and 4 types which are reticulate, rugos, striate and simple are identified based on epidermal pattern. Using Principal Component Analysis, it is observed that features such as length, shape, epidermal pattern and segment shape of leaf demonstrate the most distinctive characteristics and they are capable of separating the species and even the varieties. Furthermore, the separation of the taxa is well observed in phenogram.

Keywords

حیدری بالادهی، م. ه. (1386) بررسی تاکسونومیکی جنس­هایAnemone L.  و Pulsatilla Mill. از تیره آلاله(Ranunculaceae) در ایران. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد
شریف نیا، ف. و چلیبیان، ف. (1382) فرهنگ مصور اصطلاحات گیاه شناسی (ترجمه)، چاپ دوم، انتشارات آییژ، 208 صفحه
مبین، ص. (1364) رستنی­های ایران، فلور گیاهان آوندی. انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 2014 صفحه
Akrami, S., Nejadsattari, T., Mozaffarian V. and Maassoumi, A. (2011) A new species of Hedysarum (Fabaceae) and a new record of Anemone (Ranunculaceae) from NW Iran.Iranian Journal of Botany,17: 20-23
Boissier, E. (1867) Flora Orientalis, Vol. 1. Georg, Pp 48-54, Basel
      Chaudhary, R.P. and  Trifonova, V.I. (1988) Morphology of fruit and comparative anatomy of pericarp and seed coat in the Nepal species of the genus Anemone (Ranunculaceae).Botanicheskii Zhurnal73: 803–817
      Cheng, X.Y., Liu, M., Shi, C.Q., Zhang, X.X. and Ru, J. (2015) The Phylogenetic Significance of Fruit Structures In: Ranunculaceae of China.Pakistan Journal of Botany,47: 453-466
Christenhusz, M. J. and Byng, J. W. (2016) The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261:201-217
Davis, P.H. (1965) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1. Edinburgh  at the University  Press. Edinburgh
Ehrendorfer, F. and Samuel, R. (2009) Contributions to a molecular phylogeny and systematics of Anemone and related genera (Ranunculaceae–Anemoninae). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 39:293–307
Hoot, S. (1995) Phylogeny of  the Ranunculaceae based on preliminary atpB, rbcL & 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data. Plant Systematics & Evolution, 9: 241-251
Hoot, S.B., Meyer, K.M. and Manning, J.C. (2012) Phylogeny and Reclassification of Anemone (Ranunculaceae), with an Emphasis on Austral Species. Systematic Botany,37:139–152
      International Plant Names Index. 
(2012)Anemone biflora var. gortschakowii (Kar. & Kir.) Sinno
Hoot, S.B., Palmer, J.D. and Reznicek, A.A. (1994) Phylogenetic relationships in Anemone based on morphology and chloroplast DNA variation. Systematic Botany, 19: 169–200
Joharchi, M., Ghahremaninejad, F. and Vitek, E. (2011) New plant records for Khorassan province, Iran, IV; with complementary notes to its flora, Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie, 329-367
Joharchi, M.R. and Akhani, H. (2006) Notes on the flora of Iran 6: eight new plant records from Iran collected from Khorasan & Golestan provinces (NE. Iran).Rostaniha, 7:1-12
Komarov, V. L. (1937) Ranals and Rhoeadales, Flora of the U.S.SR. Vol VII, (translated from Russian), Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Pp.184-219, Washington D.C.
Lourteig, A. (1951) Ranunculaceae de Sudamerica templada. Darwiniana, 9:562-604
Lourteig, A. (1956) Ranunculaceae de Sudamerica tropical. Memoria Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 16:199-224
Maciejewska-Rutkowska, I. and Antkowiak, W. (2013) Taxonomic Utility of Achene Morphology & Anatomy In Anemone L. (Ranunculaceae) Species. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 55: 29–36
Manning, J. & Goldblatt, P. (2013) A taxonomic review of the dry-fruited species of  Anemone (Ranunculaceae) in southern Africa. Bothalia 43:1–13
Meyer, K.M., Hoot, S.B. and Arroyo, M.T.K. (2010) Phylogenetic affinities of South American Anemone (Ranunculaceae), including the endemic segregate genera, Barneoudia and Oreithales. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 17:323–331
 Parsa, A. (1951) Flora de Iran, Vol.1. Tehran university. Tehran
Rasmussen, H. (1979) The genus Knowltonia (Ranunculaceae). Opera Botanica, 53: 2–43
Rechinger, K.H. and Riedl, H. (1992) Anemone(Ranunculaceae). In: Rechinger, K H(ed.), Flora Iranica. No. 171. Akademische Druk- u Verlagsanstalt. Graz
         Shojaee, M., Sharifnia, F., Assadi, M. and Mehregan, I. (in press) Macro & micro- morphological and       anatomical investigation of Iranian Anemone and Pulsatilla achene. Rostaniha
Sinno -Saoud, N., Knio, K. and Jury, S. (2007) Phenetic analysis of Anemone coronaria (Ranunculaceae) and related species. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society153:417–438
Starodubtsev, V.N. (1991) Anemone: Systematics and Evolution, Pp 1-197, Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian)
Tamura, M. (1993) Ranunculaceae. In: The Families and Genera of  Vascular  Plants,  vol.  2.  (Eds.):  Kubitzki,  K., J.G. Rohwer  and  V.  Bittrich.  Springer-Verlag, Pp 563-583, Berlin
 Tamura, M. (1995) Angiospermae: Ordnung Ranunculales. Fam. Ranunculaceae. II. Systematic Part: 223-519
Ulbrich, E. (1905/1906) Uber die systematische Gliederung und geographische Verbreitung der Gattung Anemone L. Botanische Jahrbucher, 37:171-334
Yaprak, A.E., Körüklü, S.T. and Ketenoğlu, A.O. (2011) A synopsis of the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Turkey. Turkish  Journal of  Botany, 35:351-355
Zhang, Y., Kong, Y., Ren, C., Tang, M., Hoot, S.B. and Yang, Q. E. (2015) Palynology, cytology, and molecular systematics of Anemone section Begoniifolia (Ranunculaceae). Plant Systematic Evolution, 301:411-424
Ziman, S., Bulakh, E.V., Kadota, Y. and Keener, C.S. (2008) Modern view on the taxonomy of the genus Anemone L.sensu stricto (Ranunculaceae). The Journal of Japanese Botany, 83:127–155
Ziman, S.N., Bulakh, E. V. and Tsarenko, E. (2011) Anemone L. (Ranunculaceae): comparative morphology and taxonomy of the species from the Balkan flora. Botanica Serbica, 35:87-97
Ziman, S.N., Ehrendorfer, F., Keener, C.S., Dutton, B.E., Trifonova, V., Tsarenko, O.N., Moldovanova, E. and Terentjeva, A. (1998) The Anemone biflora complex (Ranunculaceae) in Central and South-West Asia: its differentiation and affinities. Thaiszia8:57–85