Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University

2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences

3 Department of plant Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University

Abstract

Lichens produce high diversity of metabolites and they have different biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and the cytotoxic effects. In this study, the impact of antimicrobial substances of lichens were studied. For this purpose, the lichens of northern forests around Babol city was collected and via the morphological and microscopic characteristics, biochemical and molecular methods were identified. Then, ethanol extracts of lichens were prepared. Antimicrobial effects of extracts was assayed using the diffusion agar method and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration against five bacteria, Bacillus cereus, Xanthomonas campestris, Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The studies showed that the extract of Leptogium saturninum, Ramalina peruviana, Punctelia borreri were effective against X. campestris، S. aureus. However, in the case of Bacillus cereus and E.coli only the extract of R. peruviana was effective. Furthermore, measuring the diameter of zone inhibition and MIC against three clinical Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrat showed that the extracts of Leptogium saturninum, Ramalina peruviana were effective on all the strains. However the extract of Punktelia subrodecta was effective only on C.albicans. The substance of lichens, which assayed by biochemical tests showed that due to the presence of phenolic compounds, lichens show high antimicrobial properties. It should be carried out the antimicrobial experiments on a wide range of environmental and pathogenic microorganisms.

Keywords

Aboaba, O. O. and Efuwape, B. M., (2001). "Antibacterial properties of some Nigerian spices". Biolo.Res Commun, 13,183 – 188.
Adriana, B., Daniela, R., Stefano L., Annalisa, D. S., Angela, N., Sergio, S., Barbara, C., Luca, P., Francesca, D. R., Anna, M. M., Lucia, A. and Paola B., (2015). "Antiproliferative, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the Lichen Xanthoria parietina and Its Secondary Metabolite Parietin". Molecular Sciences, 16, 7861-7875.
Amoozegar, D. M. A. (2008). Microbiology.
Ankith, G., Rajesh, M., Karthik, K., Avinash, H., Prashith, K. T., Vinayaka, K., (2017). "Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of three Ramalina Species". Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 7(5):27-32.
Bates, S. T., Cropsey, G. W., Caporaso, J. G., Knight, R., Fierer, N. (2011). "Bacterial communities associated with the lichen symbiosis". Applied and Environment Microbiology 77, 1309–1314.
Bauer, R. W., Kirby, M. D. K., Sherris, J. C., Truk, M. (1966). "Antibiotic susceptibility testing by standard single disc diffusion method".  American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45,493–496.
Bordo, I. M., Sharnoff, S. D. and Sharnof, S. (2001). Lichens of North America, Yale University Press. New Haven and london.
Boustie, J., Grube, M. (2005). "Lichens-A promising source of bioactive secondary metabolites". Plant Genet. Resour, 3, 273–287.
Bown, D. (2001). "Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses". Dorling Kindersley, London.
Cansaran, D., Atakol, O., Halici, M. G., Aksoy, A. (2007). "HPLC analysis of usnic acid in some Ramalina species from Anatolia and investigation of their antimicrobial activities". Pharm. Biol. 45, 77–81.
CLSI, Pennsylvania, USA (2012). Method for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Ninth Edition. CLSI document M07-A9.
CLSI, Pennsylvania, USA (2002). Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard-Second Edition. CLSI document M27-A2.
CLSI, Pennsylvania, USA (2003). Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Proposed Guideline. CLSI document M44-P.
Huneck, D. S., Yoshimura, D. I. (1996). Identification of Lichen Substances.
Kambar, Y., Vivek, M. N., Manasa, M., Vinayaka, K. S., Mallikarjun, N., Prashith Kekuda, T. R. (2014)."Antimicrobial Activity of Leptogium burnetiae, Ramalina hossei, Roccella montagnei and Heterodermia diademata". Prashith Kekuda T.R. et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 4 (3): 164-168.
Karagoz, A., Dogruoz, N., Zeybek, Z., Aslan, A. (2009). "Antibacterial activity of some lichen extracts". J.Med.plant.Res. 3 (12), 1034-1039.
Kosanic, B., Rankovic, B. (2010). "Screening of antimicrobial activity of some lichen species in vitro". Kragujevac J. Sci, 32, 65-72.
Lerond, M., Van Haluwyne, C., Cuny, D. (1996). ''Lichen et bioindication''.Ecology 27(4), 277-283.
Manojlovic, N. T., Vasiljevic, P. J., Maskovic, P. Z., Juskovic, M. and Bogdanovic, G. (2012). "Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of lichen Umbilicaria cylindrica". Evidence-Based Complementary.
Mitrovic, T., Stamenkovic, S., Cvetkovic, V., Tosic, S., Stankovic, M., Radojevic, I., Stefanovic, O., Comic, L., Dacic, D., Curcic, M. and Markovic, S. (2011). "Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of five lichen species". Molecular Sciences, 12, 5428-5448.
Molnar, K., Farkas, E. (2010). Biological activities of secondary lichen metabolites.
Moreira, A. S. N., Braz-Filho, R., Mussi-Dias, V. and Vieira, I. J. C. (2015)."Chemistry and Biological Activity of Ramalina Lichenized Fungi". Molecules. 20, 8952-8987
Ncube, N. S., Afolayan, A. J., Okoh, A. I. (2008). "Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends".Afr J Biotech. 7,1797-1806.
Paudel, B., Bhattarai, H. D., Lee, H. K., Oh, H., Shin, H. W., Han, J., Yim, J. H. (2010). "Antibacterial activities of ramalin, usnic acid and its tree derivatives isolated from the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata". Z. Naturforschung, 65, 34–38.
Poole, K., et al (1993). "Multiple antibiotic resistances in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evidence for involvement of an efflux operon". J. Bacteriol. 175, 7363 – 7372.
Rankovic, B., Misic, M. (2008). "The antimicrobial activity of the lichen substances of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Ochrolechia androgyna, Parmelia caperata and Parmelia conspresa". Pharm.biotech. 1013-1016.
Ritika, C., Jayanthi, A. (2013)."In Vitro Antimicrobial Potential of the Lichen Parmotrema sp Extracts against Various Pathogens". Iran J Basic Med Sci.16, 7, 880-885.
Valadbeigi, T., and Minoo Shaddel, M. (2015)." Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Gelatinose and non-Gelatinose Lichen Species". J Arch Mil Med. 3(4):e31610.
Vartia, K. O. (1949). "Antibiotics in lichens". Ann. Med. Exp. Biol. Fenn. 27 (1), 46-54.
Zeybek, U., John, V., Lumbsch, H. T. (1992) "Türkiye likenlerinden Hypogymnia cinsi üzerinde taksonomik araştırma". Doğa Tr. J. of Bot. 17, 09–116