Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 . Ph.D Student, Plant Physiology, Isfahan University of Science, Department of Gynology, Plant Sciences.
2 University of Isfahan Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Department of Plant Sciences
Abstract
One way to improve the quantity and quality of wheat production is to use homologous bacterial strains of Azosprillum brasilense. To determine homologous strains, evaluation of growth parameters and defence indexes is essential. This study was conducted to determine a homologous association system using combination of six cultivars of wheat native to Iran named Omid, Sardari, Roshan, Shoaleh, Tabasi and Shahpasand with two bacterial strains (Sp7and Sp245) of A. brasilense with 107 CFU ml-1. The plant samples of 10 days-old were obtained for growth and biochemical analysis. The results show that the average measured indexes such as dry weight, maximum shoot length, root length, number of roots and their branches, protein, Tyrosine ammonia lyase and Phenylalanin ammonia lyase activities were increased due to inoculation of wheat with Sp7 and Sp245 except for prolin. All measured indexes were higher in Sp245 compared to Sp7. The best combination was Roshan-Sp245 associated system with several folds higher in average values as compared to other combinations.
Keywords
Akbari, G.A., Arab, H.A., Alikhani, H. and Arzanesh, M.H. )2007( Isolation and selection of indigenous Azospirillum spp. and the IAA of superior strains effects on Wheat roots. World Journal of Agricultual Science. 3: 523–529.
Baldani, V.L.D., Baldani, J.I. and Dobereiner, J. (1983) Effects of Azospirillum inoculation on root infection and nitrogen incorporation in Wheat. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 29: 924–929.
Baldani, V.L.D., Alvarez, M.A., Baldani, J.I. and Dobereiner, J. (1986) Establishment of inoculated Azospirillum spp. in the rhizosphere and in roots of field grown Wheat and sorghum. Plant and Soil. 90: 35–46.
Baldani, V.L.D., Baldani, J.I. and Dobereiner, J. (1987) Inoculation of field-grown Wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Azospirillum spp. in Brazil. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 4: 37–40.
Bashan, Y. and de-Bashan, L.E. (2010) How the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum promotes plant growth: A critical assessment. Advances in Agronomy. 108: 77–136.
Bashan, Y. and Holguin, G. ( 1997) Azospirillum-Plant relationships: environmental and physiological advances (1990-1996). Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 43: 103-121.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Beaudoin-Egan, L.D. and Thorpe, T.A. (1985) Tyrosine and phenylalanine ammonialyase activities during shoot inhibition in tobacco callus cultures. Plant Physiology. 78: 438-441.
Bengston, C., Klockare, B., Klockare, R., Larsson, S. and Sudquist, C. (1978) The after-effect of water stress on chlorophyll formation during greening and the level of abscisic acid and proline in dark growth Wheat seedlings. Plant Physiology. 43: 205–212.
Bermner, E., Jenze, H. and Gilbertson, C. (1995) Evidence against associativeN2-fixation as a significant source of N in long-term wheat plots. Plant and Soil. 175: 13-19.
Bradford, M.M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principleof protein dye binding. Analitical Biochemistry. 72: 248-253.
Caetano Anolles, G. and Favelukes, G. (1986) Quantitation of adsorption of rhizobia in low numbers to small legume roots. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 52: 371–376.
Casimiro, I., Beeckman, T., Grahan, N., Bhalerao, R., Zhang, H., Casero, P., Sandberg, G. and Bennett, M.J. (2003) Dissecting Arabidopsis lateral root development. Trends in Plant Science. 8: 165-171.
Cohen, A.C., Bottini, R. and Piccoli, P. (2008) Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 produces ABA in chemically-defined culture medium and increases ABA content in arabidopsis plants. Plant Growth Regulation. 54: 97–103.
Correa-Aragunde, N., Graziano, M. and Lamattina, L. (2004) Nitric oxide plays a central role in determining lateral root development in tomato. Planta. 218: 900-905.
Paul, D. and Lade, H. (2014) Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria to improve crop growth in saline soils: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 34:737-752.
Dazzo, F.B., Napoli, C. and Hubbell, D.H. (1976) Adsorption of bacteria to roots as related to host specificity in the Rhizobium clover symbiosis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 32:166-171.
Dobbelaere, S., Croonenborghs, A., Amber, T., Ptacek D., Vanderleyden, J., Dutto, P., Labandera-Gonzalez, C., Caballero-Mellado, J., Aguirre, J.F., Kapulnik, Y., Shimon, B., Burdman, S., Kadouri, D., Sarig, S. and Okon, Y. (2001) Responses of agronomically important crops to inoculation with Azospirillum. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28: 871–879.
Dobbelaere, S., Vanderleyden, J. and Okon, Y. (2003) Plant growth promoting effects of diazotrophs in the rhizosphere. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 22: 107–149.
Dobereiner, J. and Day, J.M. (1976) Association symbiosis in tropical grasses: Characterization of microorganisms and dinitrogen fixing sites. Pp. 518-538. In: W.E. Newton and C.J. Nyman (eds). Proceedings of the first International Sypmosium on Nitrogen Fixation, Vol. 2, Washington State University Press, Pullman.
El-Khawas, H. and Adachi, K. (1999) Identification and quantification of auxins in culture media of Azospirillum and Klebsiella and their effect on rice roots. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 28: 377–381.
Estabrook, E.M. and Sengupta-Gopalan, C. (1991) Differential expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase during soybean nodule development. Plant Cell. 3: 299–308.
Gamas, P., de Billy, F. and Truchet, G. (1998) Symbiosis-specific expression of two Medicago truncatula nodulin genes, MtN1 and MtN13, encoding products homologous to plant defense proteins. Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions. 11: 393–403.
Gupta, P.K., Mir, R.R., Mohan, A. and Kumar, J (2008) Wheat genomics: present status and future prospects. International Journal of Plant Genomics. 2008: 1–36.
Hamdia, M.A., Shaddad, M. and Doaa, M. (2005) Mechanisms of salt tolerance and interactive effects of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation on maize cultivars grown under salt stress conditions. Environmental Microbiology. 7: 1839–1846.
Hartmann, A. and Zimmer, W. (1994) Physiology of Azospirillum. Pp. 15-39. In: Y. Okon (eds). Azospirillum/Plant Association, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Hartmann, A. and Baldani, J.I. (2006) The genus Azospirillum. Pp 115–140. In: M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.H. Schleiferand and E. Stackebrandt (eds). The prokaryotes, vol. 5, Proteobacteria: alpha and beta subclasses (chap 3.1.5), Springer, New York.
Hegazi, N.A., Khawas, H. and Monib, M. (1981) Inoculation of wheat with Azospirillum under Egyptian conditions. Pp. 493. In: A.H. Gibson and W.E. Newton (eds). Current perspectives innitrogen fixation, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
Hoagland, R.E. and Duke, S.O. (1981) Effect of herbicides on extractable phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in light and dark-grown soybean (Glycine max) seedlings. Weed Science. 29: 433-439.
Jain, D.K. and Patriquin, D.G. (1984) Root hair deformation, bacterial attachment, and plant growth in wheat-Azospirillum associations. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 48: 1208-1213.
Kim, S.Y., Lim, J.H., Park, M.R., Kim, Y.J., Park. T.I., Se, Y.W., Choi, K.G. and Yun, S.J. (2005) Enhanced antioxidant enzymes are associated with reduced hydrogen peroxide in barley roots under saline stress. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 38: 218–24.
Kolb, W. and Martin, P. (1985) Response of plant roots to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and to application of indoleacetic acid. Pp. 215-221. In: W. Klingmuller (eds). Azospirillum III, Genetics, Physiology, Ecology. Springer, Berlin.
Mangmang, J.S., Deaker, R. and Rogers, G. (2015) Azospirillum brasilense enhances recycling of fish effluent to support growth of tomato seedlings. Horticulturae. 1: 14-26.
McFarland, J. (1907) Nephelometer: an instrument for estimating the number of bacteria in suspensions used for calculating the opsonic index and for vaccines. Journal of the American Medical Association. 14: 1176-1178.
Michiels, K., Croes, C.L. and Vanderleyden, J. (1991) Two different modes of attachment of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 to Wheat roots. Journal of General Microbiology. 137: 2241–2246.
Molina-Favero, C., Mónica Creus, C., Simontacchi, M., Puntarulo, S. and Lamattina, L. (2008) Aerobic nitric oxide production by Azospirillum brasilense sp245 and its influence on root architecture in tomato. The American Phytopathological Society. 21: 1001–1009.
Nabti, E., Sahnoune, M., Ghoul, M., Fischer, D., Hofmann, A., Rothballer, M., Schmid, M. and Hartmann, A. (2010) Restoration of growth of durum Wheat (Triticum durum var. waha) under saline conditions due to inoculation with therhizosphere bacterium Azospirillum brasilense NH and extracts of the marine alga Ulva lactuca. Journal of Plant Growth Regululation. 29: 6–22.
Nautiyal, C.S., Srivastava, S. and Chauhan, P.S. (2008) Rhizosphere colonization: molecular determinants from plant–microbe coexistence perspective. Pp. 99–124. In: C.S. Nautiyal, and P. Dion (eds). Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence. Soil Biology Series, Vol. 15, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag. Berlin.
Okon. Y., Albrecht, S.L. and Burris, R.H. (1977) Methods for growing Spirillum lipoferum and for counting it in pure culture and in association with plants. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 33: 85–88.
Perrig, D., Boiero, M.L., Masciarelli, O.A., Penna, C., Ruiz, O.A., Cassan, F.D and Luna, M.V. (2007) Plant-growth-promoting compounds produced by two agronomically important strains of Azospirillum brasilense, and implications for inoculant formulation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 75:1143–1150.
Rai, S.N. and Gaur A.C. (1982) Nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum spp. and effect of Azospirillum lipoferum on the yield and N-uptake of wheat crop. Plant and Soil. 69: 233-238.
Reddy, P.S and Veeranjaneyulu, K. (1991) Proline metabolism in senescing leaves of hosgram (Macrotyloma uniflorum lam.). The Journal of Physiology. 137: 381–383.
Santos, R., Hérouart, D., Sigaud, S., Touati, D. and Puppo, A. (2001) Oxidative burst in Alfalfa–Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiotic interaction. Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions. 14: 86–89.
Saubidet, M.I., Fatta, N. and Barneix, A.J. (2002) The effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on growth and nitrogen utilization by wheat plants. Plant and Soil. 245: 215–222.
Sharma, S. and Verslues, P.E. (2010) Mechanisms independent of abscisic acid (ABA) or proline feedback have a predominant role in transcriptional regulation of proline metabolism during low water potential and stress recovery. Plant, Cell & Environment. 33: 1838–185.
Smith, R.L., Bouton, J.H., Schank, S.C., Quesenberry, K.H., Tyler, M.E., Milan J.R., Gaskins, M.H. and Littell, R.C. (1976) Nitrogen fixation in grasses inoculated with Spirillum lipoferum. Science. 193: 1003-1005.
Spaepen, S., Vanderleyden, J. and Okon, Y. (2009) Plant Growth-promoting actions of rhizobacteria. Advances in Botanical Research. 51: 283–320.
Sumner, M.E. (1990) Crop responses to Azospirillum inoculation. Advances in Soil Science. 12: 53–123.
Sweet, J.C. and Bolton, W. (1979) The surface decontamination of seeds to produce axenic seedlings. American Journal of Botany. 66: 59-65.
Tarrand, J.J., Krieg, N.R. and Dobereiner, J. (1978) A taxonomic study of the Spirillum lipoferum group, with descriptions of a new genus, Azospirillum gen. nov. and two species, Azospirillum lipoferum (Beijerinck) comb. nov. and Azospirillum brasilense sp. nov. Canadian Journal of Botany. 24: 967–980.
Thuler, D.S., Floh, E.I.S., Handro, W. and Barbosa, H.R. (2003) Plant growth regulators and amino acids released by Azospirillum sp in chemically defined media. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 37: 174–178.
Vasse, J., de Billy, F. and Truchet, G. (1993) Abortion of infection during the Rhizobium meliloti-alfalfa symbiotic interaction is accompanied by a hypersensitive reaction. The Plant Journal. 4: 555–566.
Zamudio, M. and Bastarrachea F. (1994) Adhesiveness and root hair deformation capacity of Azospirillum strains for wheat seedlings. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 26: 791-797.
)