[1] Whyte, J., Glover, J. D., Woodcock, M., Brzeszczynska, J., Taylor, L., Sherman, A., … & McGrew, M. J. (2015). FGF, Insulin, and SMAD signaling cooperate for avian primordial germ cell self-renewal. Stem cell reports, 5(6), 1171–1182. DOI:10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.008
[2] Nakamura, Y., Tasai, M., Takeda, K., Nirasawa, K., & Tagami, T. (2013). Production of functional gametes from cryopreserved primordial germ cells of the Japanese quail. Journal of reproduction and development, 59(6), 580–587. DOI:10.1262/jrd.2013-065
[3] Hamburger, V., & Hamilton, H. L. (1951). A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. Journal of morphology, 88(1), 49–92. DOI:10.1002/jmor.1050880104
[4] Naito, M., Nirasawa, K., & Oishi, T. (1990). Development in culture of the chick embryo from fertilized ovum to hatching. Journal of experimental zoology, 254(3), 322–326. DOI:10.1002/jez.1402540311
[5] Tajima, A., Hayashi, H., Kamizumi, A., Ogura, J., Kuwana, T., & Chikamune, T. (1999). Study on the concentration of circulating primordial germ cells (cPGCs) in early chick embryos. Journal of experimental zoology, 284(7), 759–764. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991201)284:7<759::AID-JEZ5>3.0.CO;2-6
[6] Bednarczyk, M. (2014). Avian primordial germ cells and their application. Slovak journal of animal science, 2014(4), 185–187.
[7] Lillico, S. G., Sherman, A., McGrew, M. J., Robertson, C. D., Smith, J., Haslam, C., … & Sang, H. M. (2007). Oviduct-specific expression of two therapeutic proteins in transgenic hens. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of America, 104(6), 1771–1776. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0610401104
[8] Choi, J. W., Kim, S., Kim, T. M., Kim, Y. M., Seo, H. W., Park, T. S., … & Han, J. Y. (2010). Basic fibroblast growth factor activates MEK/ERK cell signaling pathway and stimulates the proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells. PLoS one, 5(9), e12968. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0012968
[9] Macdonald, J., Glover, J. D., Taylor, L., Sang, H. M., & McGrew, M. J. (2010). Characterisation and germline transmission of cultured avian primordial germ cells. PLoS one, 5(11), e15518. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0015518
[10] Tang, X., Zhang, C., Jin, Y., Ge, C., & Wu, Y. (2007). Pro-proliferating effect of homologous somatic cells on chicken primordial germ cells. Cell biology international, 31(9), 1016–1021. DOI:10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.03.014
[11] Shi, Y., & Massagué, J. (2003). Mechanisms of TGF-β signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell, 113(6), 685–700. DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00432-X
[12] Lee, H. C., Lim, S., & Han, J. Y. (2016). Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation is required for proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells in vitro. Scientific reports, 6(1), 34510. DOI:10.1038/srep34510
[13] Yakhkeshi, S., Rahimi, S., Sharafi, M., Hassani, S. N., Taleahmad, S., Shahverdi, A., & Baharvand, H. (2018). In vitro improvement of quail primordial germ cell expansion through activation of TGF-beta signaling pathway. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 119(6), 4309–4319. DOI:10.1002/jcb.26618
[14] Hassani, S. N., Totonchi, M., Farrokhi, A., Taei, A., Larijani, M. R., Gourabi, H., & Baharvand, H. (2012). Simultaneous SUPPRESSION of TGF-β and ERK signaling contributes to the highly efficient and reproducible generation of mouse embryonic stem cells from previously considered refractory and non-permissive strains. Stem cell reviews and reports, 8(2), 472–481. DOI:10.1007/s12015-011-9306-y
[15] Hassani, S. N., Totonchi, M., Gourabi, H., Schöler, H. R., & Baharvand, H. (2014). Signaling roadmap modulating naive and primed pluripotency. Stem cells and development, 23(3), 193–208. DOI:10.1089/scd.2013.0368
[16] Van De Lavoir, M. C., Collarini, E. J., Leighton, P. A., Fesler, J., Lu, D. R., Harriman, W. D., … & Etches, R. J. (2012). Interspecific germline transmission of cultured primordial germ cells. PLoS one, 7(5), e35664. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0035664
[17] Pfaffl, M. W. (2001). A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT–PCR. Nucleic acids research, 29(9), E45. DOI:10.1093/nar/29.9.e45
[18] Van De Lavoir, M. C., Diamond, J. H., Leighton, P. A., Mather-Love, C., Heyer, B. S., Bradshaw, R., … & Etches, R. J. (2006). Germline transmission of genetically modified primordial germ cells. Nature, 441(7094), 766–769. DOI:10.1038/nature04831
[19] Yao, T., & Asayama, Y. (2017). Animal-cell culture media: History, characteristics, and current issues. Reproductive medicine and biology, 16(2), 99–117.
[20] Pauklin, S., & Vallier, L. (2015). Activin/nodal signalling in stem cells. Development (Cambridge), 142(4), 607–619. DOI:10.1242/dev.091769
[21] Ying, Q. L., Nichols, J., Chambers, I., & Smith, A. (2003). BMP induction of Id proteins suppresses differentiation and sustains embryonic stem cell self-renewal in collaboration with STAT3. Cell, 115(3), 281–292. DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00847-X
[22] Pain, B., Clark, M. E., Shen, M., Nakazawa, H., Sakurai, M., Samarut, J., & Etches, R. J. (1996). Long-term in vitro culture and characterisation of avian embryonic stem cells with multiple morphogenetic potentialities. Development, 122(8), 2339–2348. DOI:10.1242/dev.122.8.2339
[23] Etches, R. J. (2006). The hard cell(s) of avian transgenesis. Transgenic research, 15(5), 521–526. DOI:10.1007/s11248-006-9018-2
[24] Lin, S., & Talbot, P. (2011). Methods for culturing mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Methods in molecular biology, 690, 31–56. DOI:10.1007/978-1-60761-962-8_2
[25] Park, T. S., & Han, J. Y. (2012). piggyBac transposition into primordial germ cells is an efficient tool for transgenesis in chickens. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, 109(24), 9337–9341. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1203823109
[26] Xie, L., Lu, Z., Chen, D., Yang, M., Liao, Y., Mao, W., … & Lu, Y. (2019). Derivation of chicken primordial germ cells using an indirect Co-culture system. Theriogenology, 123, 83–89. DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.017
[27] Tonus, C., Cloquette, K., Ectors, F., Piret, J., Gillet, L., Antoine, N., … & Grobet, L. (2016). Long term-cultured and cryopreserved primordial germ cells from various chicken breeds retain high proliferative potential and gonadal colonisation competency. Reproduction, fertility and development, 28(5), 628–639.
[28] Intarapat, S., & Stern, C. D. (2013). Chick stem cells: Current progress and future prospects. Stem cell research, 11(3), 1378–1392. DOI:10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.005
[29] Zou, Q., Wu, M., Zhong, L., Fan, Z., Zhang, B., Chen, Q., & Ma, F. (2016). Development of a xeno-free feeder-layer system from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for prolonged expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells in culture. PLoS one, 11(2), e0149023. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0149023
[30] Germeraad, W. T. V., Asami, N., Fujimoto, S., Mazda, O., & Katsura, Y. (1994). Efficient retrovirus-mediated gene transduction into murine hematopoietic stem cells and long-lasting expression using a transwell coculture system. Blood, 84(3), 780–788. DOI:10.1182/blood.v84.3.780.bloodjournal843780
[31] Sip, C. G., Bhattacharjee, N., & Folch, A. (2014). Microfluidic transwell inserts for generation of tissue culture-friendly gradients in well plates. Lab on a chip, 14(2), 302–314.
[32] England, M. A., & Matsumura, G. (1993). Primordial germ cells in the primitive streak stages chick embryo as studied by scanning electron microscopy. Journal of anatomy, 183, 67–73. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1259854&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
[33] Kuwana, T., Miyayama, Y., Kajiwara, Y., & Fujimoto, T. (1987). Behavior of chick primordial germ cells moving toward gonadal primordium in vitro: Scanning electron microscopic study. The anatomical record, 219(2), 164–170. DOI:10.1002/ar.1092190209
[34] Han, J. Y., & Park, Y. H. (2018). Primordial germ cell-mediated transgenesis and genome editing in birds. Journal of animal science and biotechnology, 9(1), 1–11. DOI:10.1186/s40104-018-0234-4
[35] Vallier, L., Alexander, M., & Pedersen, R. A. (2005). Activin/Nodal and FGF pathways cooperate to maintain pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells. Journal of cell science, 118(19), 4495–4509. DOI:10.1242/jcs.02553
[36] Mullen, A. C., Orlando, D. A., Newman, J. J., Lovén, J., Kumar, R. M., Bilodeau, S., … & Young, R. A. (2011). Master transcription factors determine cell-type-specific responses to TGF-β signaling. Cell, 147(3), 565–576. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.050
[37] Estarás, C., Akizu, N., García, A., Beltrán, S., de la Cruz, X., & Martínez-Balbás, M. A. (2012). Genome-wide analysis reveals that Smad3 and JMJD3 HDM co-activate the neural developmental program. Development (Cambridge, England), 139(15), 2681–2691. DOI:10.1242/dev.078345
[38] Bertero, A., Madrigal, P., Galli, A., Hubner, N. C., Moreno, I., & Burks, D. (2015). Activin/nodal signaling and NANOG orchestrate human embryonic stem cell fate decisions by controlling the H3K4me3 chromatin mark. Genes & development, 29(7), 702–717.
[39] Ogawa, K., Saito, A., Matsui, H., Suzuki, H., Ohtsuka, S., Shimosato, D., … & Miyazono, K. (2007). Activin-Nodal signaling is involved in propagation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Journal of cell science, 120(1), 55–65.
[40] Borowiak, M., Maehr, R., Chen, S., Chen, A. E., Tang, W., Fox, J. L., … & Melton, D. A. (2009). Small molecules efficiently direct endodermal differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Cell stem cell, 4(4), 348–358. DOI:10.1016/j.stem.2009.01.014