Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor Department of Biology Alzahra University

2 M. A. Department of Biology Alzahra University

Abstract

The genus Malva L. with 8 species and 8 varieties in Iran has a wide spread distribution. For studying the cladistic analysis of the species, 18 characters were studied. The characters have entered to the matrix as multistate character. For rooting the shortest tree, we have used three species: Alcea flavovirens, Althaea officinalis, Lavatera thuringiaca as out groups. By using parsimony analysis based on Fitch method the shortest tree with 8.67024 steps has resulted (RI=0.82, CI=0.64). The majority rules consensus tree has selected. The most parsimony cladogram didn't support monophyly of Malva species. The species in our analysis didn't occur in one clade. Also Bootstrap analysis didn't show the monophyly of Malva species. 

Keywords

Alefeld, F. G. C. ; (1862) Uber die Malvean. Osterr.  Bot.  Z.  22: 247-261.
Baker, W.R.; (1890) Synopsis of genera and species of Malveae.  J. Bot. 28: 140– 145, 207–213, 239–243, 339–343, 367–371.
Bates, D.M. (1968) Generic relationships in the Malvaceae, tribe Malveae. Gentes Herbarum 10: 117–135.
Candolle, de, A.P.; (1805) Malva. In: Lamarck, J.-B. (Ed.), Flore Française, Vol. 4(2), 3 nd ed.  H. Agasse, pp. 827–831, Paris.
Escobar G., P., Schoenswetter, P.  Fuertes Agarialr, J.,  Nieto Feliner, G.  and Schneeweiss, G. ; (2008) Five molecular markers reveal extensive morphological homoplasy and reticulate evolution in the Malva Aliance (Malvaceae). Mol.  Phyl.  Evol.,  10: 1016-1036.
Fernandes, R.B.; (1968) Contribuçoes para o conhecimento do género Lavatera L. I. Notas sobre algumas  pecies. Collect. Bot. 7: 393–448.
Fitch, W.M.; (1971) Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. Syst. Zool. 20: 406-416.
Grant,  L.; (2003) Incongruence between cladistic and taxonomic systems.  Amer.  J.  Bot. 90: 1263-1270.
Iljin, M. M.; (1949) Malvaceae, In: Komaropv, V. L., Shishkin, B. K. , Borov, E. G. (eds. ) Flora SSSR. Vol.  15. Botanical Institute of The Academy of Sciences of The U.S.S.R., pp.21-137,  Leningrad.
Linnaeus, C.; (1753) Species Plantarum. A 1957 facsimile of the first edition of 1753 with an introduction by W. T. Stearn and an appendix by J. L. Heller and W. T. St.
 Medikus, F.K.; (1787) Über einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der Malven- Familie. Botanischer Garten Mannheim, Mannheimearn. Ray Society, London.
Maddison, D. R. & Maddison, W. P.; (2000) Mac Clade 4. Analysis of Phylogeny and character evolution. Ver.  4.03. Sunderland, Massachu-setts. Siauer  .
Pakravan, M. ; (2006) New findings in the genus Malva L. (Malvaceae) in Iran. Iran.  J. Bot. 247-249. 
Pakravan, M.; (2008) Malvaceae. In: Assadi et al. (ed.)  Flora of Iran.  No.  58. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. pp. 146. Tehran.
 
 
 
Riedl, I.; (1976)  Alcea. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.), Flora Iranica vol. 120. Akademische Druck- u.
      Verlagsanstalt,  pp. 41–80, Graz.
Ray, M. F.; (1995) Systematic of Lavatera and Malva (Malvaceae)  a new perspective.  Plant. Syst. Evol. 198: 29-53.
Swofford, D. L.  PAUP*; (2002)  Phylo-genetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and other methods). 4. Ob10. Sinauer, Associates, Inc. Sunderland.
Tate, J.A., Fuertes Aguilar, J., Wagstaff, S. J., La Duke, J.C., Bodo Slotta, T.A., Simpson, B.B.; (2005) Phylo-genetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 92: 584–602.
Tournefort, J.P.; (1700) Institutiones Rei Herbariae. Typographia Regia, Paris.
Tournefort, J.P.; (1706) Suite de l´etabli-ssement de quelque noveaux genres de plants: Lavatera. Histoire de L´Academie Royale des Sciences. 1706 [1731]: 83–87.
Zohary, M.; (1963) Taxonomical studies in Alcea of south-West Asia. Part. 1. Bull. Res. Counc. Israel. 11d4: 210-229.