نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیاردانشگاه مازندران .گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

2 استادیار دانشگاه مازندران

3 دانشیار علوم پزشکی ساری

چکیده

جلبکها از جنبه های بسیار زیادی حائز اهمیت می باشند که می توانند کاربردهای متعددی در صنایع دارویی، غذایی، کشاورزی، مصارف پزشکی و همچنین کاربرد در تصفیه فاضلاب داشته باشند. این تحقیق به منظور بررسی محتوای تام فنولی و فلاونوئیدی دو نوع جلبک سبز به روش اسپکتروفتومتری و کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا انجام شد. در این تحقیق جلبک Cladophora glomerata از سواحل دریای خزر و مصب رودخانه بابل رود و جلبکSpirogyra rivularis از برکه مجاور شالیزار و دامداری جمع آوری شدند. سپس عصاره استخراج شده با استفاده از متانول اسیدی تهیه و ترکیبات فنولی تام آن به روش اسپکتروفتومتری اندازه گیری و برای آنالیز فلاونوئیدهای موجود در گیاه از روش HPLC استفاده شد. جلبک کلادوفورا در مصب رودخانه میزان فنول و فلاونوئید و ترکیبات فنولی گالیک اسید، کوماریک اسید و کوئرستین بیشتری نسبت به دریا برخوردار بوده. جلبک اسپیروژیر موجود در منطقه برکه شالیزار هم از میزان فنول و ترکیبات فنولی گالیک اسید، کوماریک اسید و کوئرستین بیشتری نسبت به پساب دامداری برخوردار بوده است. با توجه به کروماتوگرام استاندارد زمان بازداری اسید گالیک (383/2)، اسید کوماریک (817/3) و کوئرستین (217/7) می باشد. بنابراین بیشترین زمان بازداری مربوط به کوئرستین و کمترین زمان بازداری مربوط به گالیک اسید می باشد. این دو نوع جلبک سبز سرشار از ترکیبات فنولی بوده و نیز خاصیت آنتی اکسیدانی بالایی داشته بنابراین از آن می توان به عنوان یک منبع گیاهی که دارای ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدانی است در صنایع غذا و دارو استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid content of the two species of green algae by spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography

نویسندگان [English]

  • Naser Jafari 1
  • Zahra Alavi 2
  • Mohammadali Ebrahimzadeh 3

1 Associate Professor of Ecology, Department of Biology, Basic Faculty, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

2 MSc Student of Biology, Department of Biology, Basic Faculty, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

3 Associate Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculity of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Algae are important aspects that can be extremely numerous applications in pharmaceutical, food, agricultural, medical uses and also used in wastewater treatment. In this study total phenolic and flavonoid contents of two types of green algae was performed by spectrophotometic and high performance liquid chromatography methods. In this study, Cladophora glomerata was collected from Caspian coast and estuaries of the Babolrood river and Spirogyra rivularis were collected from a pond adjacent rice paddies and livestock. Then extracted with acidified methanol produced a total phenolic compounds spectrophotometric method and HPLC method was used for the analysis of flavonoids in plants. Study of methanol extracts of four different regions of Cladophora and Spirogyra showed the greatest amount of phenolic compounds gallic acid according to Spirogyra algae in ponds and rice fields most of the flavonoid quercetin in terms of Cladophora algae in the estuary. According to the standard chromatogram retention time gallic acid (2.383), coumaric acid (3.817) and quercetin (7.217) was observed. So most of the time to prevent the inhibition of quercetin and gallic acid is less time. The two types of green algae rich in phenolic compounds and also have high antioxidant property so it can be used as a plant source of antioxidant compounds that can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cladophora
  • Spirogyra
  • phenolic content
  • Flavonoid
  • HPLC
صنوبری، ز.، و جعفری، ن. (۱۳۹۱). ارزیابی محتوای تام فنولی و فلاونوئیدی جلبک کلادوفورا گلومراتا و اسپیروژیر ولگاریس. هفدهمین کنفرانس سراسری و پنجمین کنفرانس بین المللی زیست شناسی ایران. دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان.
لونی، ا.، حسنوند، ع.، و یخچی، و. (۱۳۹۱). بررسی خاصیت دارویی و آنتی اکسیدانی جلبک ها راه کاری مناسب برای بهره برداری از منابع طبیعی و آب های شور. همایش منطقه ای توسعه پایدار منابع طبیعی غرب کشور.
 
Aruoma, O. (2003).Methodological consideration for characterization potential antioxidant action of bioactive components in plant foods. Mutation Research, 524, 9-20.
Becerro, M.A., & Paul, V.J. (2004). Effects of depth and light on secondary metabolites production and cyanobacterial symbionts of the sponge Dyside agranulose. Marine Ecology Progress Serie, 280, 115-128.
Brown, M.R., Jeffry, S.W., & Garloud, C.D. (1989). Nutritional aspects of microalgae used in mariculture, a literature review. CSIRO Marine laboratory, Report 205, 1-44.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. & Chern, J.C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in proplis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Food Drug Anal, 10, 178-182.
Close, D.C., & Mc Arthur, C. (2002). Rethinking the role of many plant phenolics protection from photo damage not herbivores. Oikos, 99, 166–172.
Conforti, F., Statti, G. A. & Menichini, F. (2007).Chemical and biological variability of hot pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum var. acuminatum L.) in relation to maturity stage. Food Chemistry, 102, 1096–1104.
El-Baky, A., El-Baz, H.H. & El-Baroty, F.K. (2009). Natural preservative ingredient from marine alga Ulva lactuca L. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 44, 1688-1695.
Fukumoto, L.R. & Mazza, G. (2000(. Assessing antioxidant and proxidant activities of phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(8), 3597-3604.
Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y. & Ebrahimzadeh, M.A. (2009). Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of 13 Citrus species peels and tissues. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(3), 277-281.
Hanna, H., El-Baky, A., Hussein, M.M. & El-Baroty, G. (2008). Algal extracts improve antioxidant defense abilities and salt tolerance of wheat plant irrigated with sea water. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 7, 2812-2832.
Ibrahim, M.H., Jaafar, H.Z.E., Rahmat, A. & AbdulRahman, Z. (2011). The relationship between phenolics and flavonoids production with total non structural carbohydrate and photosynthetic rate in Labisiapunila Benth. under high CO2 and nitrogen fertilization. Molecules, 16, 162-174.
Josuttis, M., Carlen, C., Crespo, P., Nestby, R., Toldam-Andersen, T.B., Dietrich, H. & Kruger, E. (2012). A comparison of bioactive compound of straw berry fruit from Europe affected by genotype and latitude. Berry Research, 2(2), 73-93.
Lagouri, V. & Boskou, D. (1996). Nutrient antioxidants in oregano. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 47, 493-497.
Lucassen, E. (2004). High groundwater nitrate concentrations inhibit eutrophication of sulphate rich freshwater wetlands. Biogeochemistry, 67 (2), 249-267.
Manassaram, D.M., Backer, LC., Moll, DM. (2007). A review of nitrates in drinking water: maternal exposure and adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes. Cien Saude Colet, 12(1), 153-63.
Martz, F., Jaakola, L., Julkunen-Tiitto, R. & Stark, S. (2010). Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) leaves in northern Europe following foliar development and along environmental gradients. Chemical Ecology, 36, 1017- 1028.
McIntyre, N.R. & Wheater, H.S. (2004). A tool for risk based management of surface water quality. Environmental Modeling and Software, 19 (12), 1131-1140.
Mejia, L. A., Hudson, E., Gonzalez de Mejia, E. and Vasquez, F. (1988).Carotenoid content and vitamin A activity of some common cultivars of Mexican peppers (Capsicum annuum) as determined by HPLC. Journal of Food Science, 53, 1448-1451.
Nerg, A., Kainulainen, P., Vuorinen, M., Hanso, M., Holopainen, J.K. & Kurkela, T. (1994). Seasonal and geographical variation of terpenes, resin acids and total phenolics in nursery grown seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.).New Phytologist, 128, 703-713.
Ordonez, A.A.L., Gomez, J.D., Vattuone, M.A. & Isla, M.I. (2006). Antioxidant activities of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz extracts. Food Chem., 97, 452–458.
Plaza, M., Cifuentes, A. & Ibanez, E. (2008). In the search of new functional food ingredients from algae .Trends in Food Science and Technology, 19, 31–39.
Rania, M.A. & Hala, M.T. (2008). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cynobacteria and green microalgae evaluation of medium components by Plackett-Burman design for antimicrobial activity of Spirulina platensis. Global Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 3(1), 22–31.
Singh, S., Shimada, K. & Singh, R.B. (2002). In vitro methods of assay of antioxidants: an overview. Food Reviews International, 24, 392-415.
Slinkard, K. & Singleton, V.L. (1977). Total phenol analysis automation and comparison with manual methods. AmericanJournalofEnologyandViticulture, 28, 49-55.
Stamp, N. (2003(. Out of the quagmire of plant defence hypotheses. Quarterly Review of Biology, 78, 23–55.
Stepien, P. & Klobus, G. (2005). Antioxidant defense in the leaves of C3 and C4 plants under salinity stress. Physiologia Plantarum, 125, 31-40.
Velioglu, Y.S. & Mazza, G. (1991). Characterization of flavonoids in petals of Rosa damascena by HPLC and spectral analysis, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 39, 463-467.
Zhang, M. (2001). Information-Stataistics evaluation on the effects of ground water buried depth to upper soil and groundwater salinity, China Postdoctoral Preceding Science Press, Beijng, China.
Zhang, Y. & Prepas E. (1996). Regulation of the dominance of planktonic Diatoms and Cyanobacteria in four eutrophic hard water lakes by nutrients water column stability and temperature. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53, 621-633.
Wang, L., Pan, B., Sheng, J., Xu, J. & Hu, Q. (2007). Antioxidant activity of Spirulina platensis extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Food Chemistry, 105(1), 36-41.
 
Athukorala, Y., Kim, K.N. & Jeon, Y.J. (2006). Antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of an enzymatic hydroliy sate from brown algae, Ecklonia cava. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44, 1065-1074.
 
Bouba, A., Njintang, Y.N., Scher, J. & Mbofung, C.M.F. (2010). Phenolic compounds and radical scavenging potential of twenty Cameroonian spices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(3), 213-224.
 
Liu, C.C., Zhao, G.L., Li, Y.N., Ding, Z.P., Liu, Q.G. & Li, J.L. (2011). Contribution of phenolics and flavonoids to antioxidant activity of ethanol extract from Eichhornia crassipes. Advanced Material Research, 156-157, 1372-1377.
 
Luo, H.Y., Wang, B., Yu, C.G., Qu, Y.L. & Su, C.L. (2010). Evaluation of antioxidant activities of five selected brown seaweeds from China. Journal of Medical Plants Research, 4(18), 2557 -2565.
 
Horincar, V.B., Parfene, G. & Bahrim, G. (2011). Evaluationof bioactive compounds in extracts obtained from three Romanian marine algae species. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 16(6), 71- 78.
 
Chai, T.T. & Wong, F.C. (2012). Whole -plant profiling of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide scavenging capacity of Turnera subulata. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(9), 1730-1735.
 
Jimenez-Escrig, A., Jimenez-Jimenez, I., Pulido, R. & Saura-Calixto, F. (2001). Antioxidant activity of fresh and processed edible seaweeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81, 530-534