Herbal
Marzieh Taghizadeh; khadijeh kiarostami; Mona sorahi nobar
Abstract
Background: Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) is a widely used perennial plant in traditional medicine globally. Selenium, although non-essential for plants, is crucial for humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the impact of foliar spraying with varying concentrations of selenium nanoparticles ...
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Background: Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) is a widely used perennial plant in traditional medicine globally. Selenium, although non-essential for plants, is crucial for humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the impact of foliar spraying with varying concentrations of selenium nanoparticles (0, 10, and 15 ppm) on the physiological and biochemical responses of buckwheat plants. Methods: For this purpose, the plants grown in the field environment were harvested after treatment and The effect of treatments on enzymatic (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, proline) antioxidant was examined. Findings: Results revealed that selenium nanoparticle treatments significantly influenced protein, carbohydrate content, and antioxidant activity.At the concentration of 15 ppm, the highest levels of antioxidant activity were observed in all three scavenging assays, namely DPPH, ABTS, and SO Conclusion: The findings suggested the positive effect of selenium nanoparticles on antioxidantive capacity of Arctium lappa.
Herbal
Parissa Jonoubi; Masoumeh Arang
Abstract
Introduction: Plant growth regulators exert significant effects on the anatomical structure, differentiation of floral primordia, and development of reproductive organs in plants. This experiment investigated the impacts of auxin and gibberellin on the vegetative and reproductive development of cucumber ...
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Introduction: Plant growth regulators exert significant effects on the anatomical structure, differentiation of floral primordia, and development of reproductive organs in plants. This experiment investigated the impacts of auxin and gibberellin on the vegetative and reproductive development of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Supernia F1). Materials and methods: A factorial experiment was conducted as the basis of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included naphthalene acetic acid at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg l-1, and gibberellic acid at concentrations of 0, 25, and 50 mg l-1, which were sprayed on the plants every ten days until the end of flowering. Results and discussion: Anatomical studies had significant impacts on the thickness of the cortex layers, the phloem and xylem regions, the diameter of the xylem opening of the root, stem, and leaf, the thickness of the petiole and pith of the stem and leaf trichome at various hormonal levels. The investigation of male reproductive organs revealed that at high concentrations of both hormones, earlier nuclear division occurred during the microspore mother cell and tetrad stages. Additionally, callose walls were observed not only surrounding the tetrad cells and microspores but also around the mature pollen grains, exhibiting high persistence that prevented their separation. It can be concluded that high concentrations of the two hormones inhibited the production of normal pollen grains and anther dehiscence, whereas intermediate concentrations of both hormones accelerated pollen development.
Herbal
masoumeh jannesar; Seyed Mahdi Seyedi
Abstract
Background: Salinity stress, as one of the important abiotic stresses, harms the yield per unit area of many pistachio orchards in Iran. Plants use various mechanisms to adapt to environmental stress conditions, including post-transcriptional gene expression regulation through miRNAs.Methods: Target ...
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Background: Salinity stress, as one of the important abiotic stresses, harms the yield per unit area of many pistachio orchards in Iran. Plants use various mechanisms to adapt to environmental stress conditions, including post-transcriptional gene expression regulation through miRNAs.Methods: Target genes of selected miRNAs were identified against the genes of salt-tolerant (Ghazvini) and sensitive (Sarakhs) pistachio genotypes. The GO enrichment analysis of target genes of selected miRNAs and the expression pattern of selected miRNAs under NaCl, SA, and combined treatment of NaCl+SA were measured.Findings: Salt-responsive target gene prediction of miR172 led to the finding of 113 & 123 target genes for the Ghazvini & Sarakhs genotypes, respectively. Moreover, 93 & 77 target genes were identified for miR399 in the Ghazvini & Sarakhs genotypes. The GO enrichment analysis of the miRNA target genes shows their role in response to chemical stimuli, metabolic processes related to macromolecules, binding to nucleotides & ATP, primary metabolic processes, regulating the catalytic activity of hydrolase, transferase, & oxidoreductase enzymes. Conclusion: The difference in the expression pattern of miR172 and miR399 in response to salt stress between the tolerant and sensitive genotypes indicates the decisive role of these miRNAs in regulating salt stress tolerance mechanisms in pistachio plants. In addition, the findings of this research improve the upstream role of the salicylic acid hormone signaling pathway in the regulation of miRNA expression.
Herbal
Aylar Sardarlou; وجودی مهربانی Vojodi Mehrbani; Kambiz Azizpour
Abstract
Introduction: Ornamental plants grown growing in urban areas often face salinity stress. Methods: To evaluate the effects of foliar application of nano ZnO, Fe, and Se (zero and 2 g L-1) and NaCl salinity stress (0, 100, 200 mM) in on Gazania splendens L.; a factorial experiment was conducted based on ...
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Introduction: Ornamental plants grown growing in urban areas often face salinity stress. Methods: To evaluate the effects of foliar application of nano ZnO, Fe, and Se (zero and 2 g L-1) and NaCl salinity stress (0, 100, 200 mM) in on Gazania splendens L.; a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized designs was conducted in Research Greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Iran. Results and discussion: The results revealed that highest aerial parts dry weight, was recorded at no salinity and 100 mM NaCl salinity × nano Fe and ZnO foliar spray.The number of flowers (4) increased in under no salinity stress with+ ZnO and Fe foliar spraying and 100 mM salinity stress with + iron nanoparticle foliar sprayingapplication. The Na content, ion leakage, H2O2 content and malondialdehyde content were the highest recorded at NaCl 200 mM × no-foliar spray.Catalase activity was increased in NaCl 100 mM × nono Se and ZnO foliar application. Conclusion: The results showed that salinity had adverse effects on the studied traits of Gazania splendens L. However, Ffoliar spraying with ZnO and iron nanoparticles had a positive effect on increasing the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants activity compounds, and aerial parts dry weight in specially under 100 mM salinity stress, and it was found that the. Overall, Gazania plant is was able to withstand the salinity stress of 100 mM sodium chloride
Herbal
Akram Taleghani; Samira Eghbali; Roya Moghimi
Abstract
Introduction: Silene conoidea (family: Caryophyllaceae) as an rarely distributed edible weed in Iran, have a medicinal properties such as insecticidal, antimicrobial, antibacterial and allelopathic effect. Material & Methods: This is the first report to investigate the phytochemical contents, phytochemical ...
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Introduction: Silene conoidea (family: Caryophyllaceae) as an rarely distributed edible weed in Iran, have a medicinal properties such as insecticidal, antimicrobial, antibacterial and allelopathic effect. Material & Methods: This is the first report to investigate the phytochemical contents, phytochemical compounds and biological activities of six successive fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) obtained from root of species for natural new drug development. Results & discussion: The methanol fraction of root exhibited a strong antioxidant activity than the BHT (IC50: 11.61± 1.34 µg/ml). Also, chloroform and methanol fractions revealed moderate antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains with MIC values in range of 0.0625 to 0.25 mg/ml compared to gentamicin. The more active fractions (chloroform and methanol) were processed for bioactive compounds identification. Forty compounds representing 97.98 % of the total composition were detected by GC-MS from the chloroform fraction of root. The main constituents were dominated by fatty acid derivatives (63.98%), hydrocarbons (20.58%) and terpene derivatives (6.82%). The LC-ESI-MS study of methanol fraction reveals the presence of common composition groups, including flavonoids, steroids and triterpenoid saponins. Apigenin, diosmin, swertisin-2′′-O-glucoside and hesperetin were identified as bioactive compounds. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that S. conoidea root can be used in pharmaceutical and food industries.
Herbal
Golara Golmohammadi; رسول َAsghari Zakaria; Azadeh Hekmat; Sakineh Padyab
Abstract
Background: Utilizing plant extracts for synthesizing nanoparticles has garnered significant interest as an eco-friendly approach. This research was conducted to investigate the green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using the aerial parts extract of the cow cockle (Vaccaria hispanica) and determine their ...
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Background: Utilizing plant extracts for synthesizing nanoparticles has garnered significant interest as an eco-friendly approach. This research was conducted to investigate the green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using the aerial parts extract of the cow cockle (Vaccaria hispanica) and determine their antibacterial properties. Methods: The size and structure of synthesized zinc nanoparticles were confirmed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Also, the antibacterial properties of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of cow cockle aerial parts and seeds were investigated on the bacteria by disc diffusion method using tetracycline as a control. Findings: Analysis of variance showed that the size of the inhibition zone in the plates containing two kinds of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria was significantly affected by the species of bacteria, extraction method (aqueous and alcoholic), different concentrations of the extract and the interaction effect of the bacteria species and the concentration of the extracts. E. coli showed a larger inhibition zone than S. aureus, which indicated its greater sensitivity to cow cockle extract. Antibacterial properties of cow cockle aerial parts and seed extracts increased significantly with increasing concentration. Also, the size of the inhibition zone in the plates containing E. coli and S. aureus bacteria increased significantly by increasing the concentration of zinc nanoparticles from 0.5 to 2 mg/mL. Conclusion: In general, aerial parts and seed extracts of V. hispanica and green-synthesized nanoparticles showed good antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.
Herbal
Javad Farrokhi Toolir; Bahman Panahi
Abstract
Background: A study was conducted to initially identify a number of superior walnut genotypes in Kerman province. Methods: Among the walnut genotypes from different regions in Kerman province located at elevations ranging from 2163 to 2867 meters above sea level, 43 genotypes were evaluated for 27 morphological ...
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Background: A study was conducted to initially identify a number of superior walnut genotypes in Kerman province. Methods: Among the walnut genotypes from different regions in Kerman province located at elevations ranging from 2163 to 2867 meters above sea level, 43 genotypes were evaluated for 27 morphological variables over a period of three years (2020 to 2023). The results were evaluated based on descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis; Findings: According to the results of this research, the genetic diversity among genotypes did not follow a geographical distribution pattern. The growth vigor in genotypes 18, 19, and 22 was very strong. The ease of kernel separation was easy or very easy in 34% of genotypes. High yield was reported in 7 genotypes. About 16% of the genotypes were sensitive to late spring frost, while the rest showed medium or low sensitivity. No signs of anthracnose disease were reported among the genotypes. The highest coefficient of variation (CV) belonged to the trait "time of pollen shedding" (77.32%). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first 10 components related to qualitative traits described 75% of the total variation. Based on the dendrogram, 4 distinct groups were created in terms of qualitative traits. Conclusion: Since desirable traits for walnut breeding, such as late leafing, early bearing, and lateral bearing type, are important, it can be said that genotypes 1, 2, 10, and 39 showed positive correlations with all these traits. The results can be used in selecting genotypes for using in future breeding programs
Herbal
Seyedeh Fatemeh Fallah; Farshid Ghaderi-Far; Masoud Golalipour; Hamidreza Sadeghi poor
Abstract
Introduction: Long-term storage of seeds under unfavorable conditions leads to their deterioration associated with decreased germination. Several studies have shown increased lipolysis in deteriorating seeds, but little is known about the role of protease activity during deterioration. In the present ...
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Introduction: Long-term storage of seeds under unfavorable conditions leads to their deterioration associated with decreased germination. Several studies have shown increased lipolysis in deteriorating seeds, but little is known about the role of protease activity during deterioration. In the present study, the effect of the controlled deterioration (CD) on the mobilization of storage proteins and the effects of pretreatment with protease inhibitor (PMSF) on the germination percentage of walnut kernels after CD were investigated. Materials and methods: Kernels were adjusted to 15% and 20% MC with water (control) or PMSF solution and then incubated for 3 and 6 days at 45°C for CD. Results: CD increased soluble proteins, solubility of 19-24 kDa glutelins, increased activity of a 80 kDa protease, accumulation of total amino acid, proline and increased protein carbonylation. Although aging-dependent decrease of germination was similar in both control and PMSF pretreatment, the aged kernels in PMSF pretreatment had lower proline, amino acid and carbonyl groups contents compared to the control. Discussion: These results suggest that CD causes increased solubility of protein reserves, but the inhibition of serine protease(s), unlike lipase, has no effect on improving the adverse physiological effects of CD including germination loss, and only at the biochemical level, it partially improved kernel response to stress. Identification of different metabolic pathways operating during CD of kernels can draw a picture of deterioration mechanism and also leads to introducing protocols for the quality and viability maintenance of kernels during storage.
Herbal
Roya Karamian; Mohammad Saeid Pazirandeh
Abstract
Introduction: Water deficit is one of the most important abiotic stresses that reduces crop productivity. Biotic and abiotic elicitors such as nanoparticles and mycorrhyzal fungi are the useful sterategies to reduce the harmful effects of drough stress in crops. Methods: In order to investigate the effects ...
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Introduction: Water deficit is one of the most important abiotic stresses that reduces crop productivity. Biotic and abiotic elicitors such as nanoparticles and mycorrhyzal fungi are the useful sterategies to reduce the harmful effects of drough stress in crops. Methods: In order to investigate the effects of selenium nanoparticles and the mycorrhizal fungus Piriformospora indica on drought tolerance in two selected barley genotypes (Yousef as the tolerant genotype and Morocco as the sensitive genotype) during the vegetative stage, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial design within completely randomized blocks with three replicates per sample. The emphasis was on evaluating several growth-related traits and antioxidant indices. Experimental treatments were designed with three irrigation levels (70%, 30%, and 10% of field capacity), three levels of selenium nanoparticles (0, 3, and 6 mg/l), and two levels of fungal treatment (inoculated and non-inoculated). Results: Drought stress led to a reduction in growth-related traits in both genotypes, especially in the sensitive genotype, and a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents. Selenium nanoparticles especialy at 6 mg/l concentration and Piriformospora indica inoculation caused increase in growth indices and antioxidant enzmes activities, but decrease in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents.Conclusion: Drought stress increased the content of malondialdehyde as a product of peroxidation of membrane lipids, especially in the sensitive genotype, by increasing oxygen free radicals. The application of selenium nanoparticles, and the inoculation of Piriformospora indica resulted in improved growth and antioxidant traits in the studied genotypes under drought stress.
Herbal
Zeinab Moradzadeh; Somayeh Rastegar; Alireza Yavari
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of two essential oils of Zataria multiflora and Salvia mirzayanii with two methods of smoking and mixed culture (mixing essential oil with culture medium) in controlling Aspergillus niger fungus in laboratory conditions.Methods: ...
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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of two essential oils of Zataria multiflora and Salvia mirzayanii with two methods of smoking and mixed culture (mixing essential oil with culture medium) in controlling Aspergillus niger fungus in laboratory conditions.Methods: In this research, during two separate experiments, the effect of different chemotypes of Zataria multiflora essential oil with concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 microliters per liter and Salvia mirzayanii with concentrations of 100, 200, 400 microliters per liter, on growth control Aspergillus fungi were evaluated by two cultivation methods (smoked and mixed) in laboratory conditions.Result and discussions: Based on the results of the first experiment, in the investigation of preventing the growth of AJspergillus fungus, the Isfahan Nasrabad chemotype was placed in one statistical group, the Bushehr and Tashk Fars chemotypes were in one statistical group, and the other chemotypes were in another statistical group. No significant difference was observed between different mushroom cultivation methods. By increasing the concentration of essential oil, its effect in preventing halo growth increased. In the second experiment, at a concentration of 400 microliters per liter, the greatest effect of bitter gourd essential oil in preventing the growth of Aspergillus fungus was observed in Hormozgan Bastak chemotype, which showed a significant difference compared to other gourd chemotypes. In this experiment, no significant difference was observed between the two mushroom cultivation methods.
Herbal
Kaveh Naseri; Ebrahim Gholamalipour Alamdari; Zeinab Avarseji; Hussein Saburi
Abstract
Allelopathic materials enter to the environment by plants through different ways. This compounds cause an important ecological processes in other plants. The purpose of this experiment, evaluation of the allelopathic potential of stem and flower organs of Orobanche aegyptiaca weed and a mixture of them ...
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Allelopathic materials enter to the environment by plants through different ways. This compounds cause an important ecological processes in other plants. The purpose of this experiment, evaluation of the allelopathic potential of stem and flower organs of Orobanche aegyptiaca weed and a mixture of them on morpho- physiological and biochemical characteristics of Lycopersicon esculentum. For this experiment, a 5% suspension of these organs and their mixtures on Lycopersicon esculentum seedlings were applied in hydroponic culture. According to the results, studied characteristics of Lycopersicon esculentum under aqueous extract of stem and flower of Orobanche aegyptiaca and mixture of them demonstrated different behavior compared with the control. Most decreasing effect on root length, leaf area, seedling dry weight, content of total chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments of Lycopersicon esculentum were observed in the flower organ of Orobanche aegyptiaca. Amount of damage to protein and starch were decreased with an increase of total phenol in Lycopersicon esculentum under aqueous extract of various treatments of Orobanche aegyptiaca especially flower.
Herbal
abbas abhari; ali masomi; mansoreh shams abadi
Abstract
Introduction: Salinity stress is considered one of the most important stresses in arid regions and affects 20% of arable land around the world and is continuously increasing due to climate change and human activities. Frequent and continuous droughts in Iran and drought stress and subsequent water and ...
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Introduction: Salinity stress is considered one of the most important stresses in arid regions and affects 20% of arable land around the world and is continuously increasing due to climate change and human activities. Frequent and continuous droughts in Iran and drought stress and subsequent water and soil salinity make the production of more crops in arid and semi-arid regions face increasing restrictions and this causes a decrease in quantitative and qualitative yield of plants in these areas have been. Methods: To investigate the effect of salinity stress on some physiological traits of different wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Sabzevar. In this experiment, 15 wheat cultivars were compared at three levels of salinity (0, 5 and 10 dSm). Root and stem dry weight, leaf relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, b and total, soluble sugars and amino proline content were measured in different cultivars. Results: The results showed that salinity increased the dry weight of root and stem and decreased the chlorophyll concentration. In salt stress condition, the lowest amount of leaf relative water belonged to Gasgozien cultivar with 15.61% and the highest amount was Bam with 62.34%The Mihan and Bam cultivars had the highest levels of chlorophyll a and b. The highest content of relative water content, proline amino acid and soluble sugars was observed in Pishtaz, Bam and Mihan cultivars.
Herbal
Ali Gangali; Nassrin Rajabi; Fayeze Bayat
Abstract
Introduction: Nepeta Binaludensis Jamzad is a perennial and herbaceous species of the Laminasea family. Limited distribution, indiscriminate harvesting and destruction of natural habitats have put this plant in danger of extinction. In this research, the effect of different species of mycorrhiza fungi ...
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Introduction: Nepeta Binaludensis Jamzad is a perennial and herbaceous species of the Laminasea family. Limited distribution, indiscriminate harvesting and destruction of natural habitats have put this plant in danger of extinction. In this research, the effect of different species of mycorrhiza fungi including: Glomus hoi, Glomus interaradis and Glomus mossea on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of N. binaludensis were investigated. Methods: In this experiment, 1Kg pots containing garden soil were considered as experimental units. Mycorrhiza species were added to three cm above the soil. The plants were grown for 20 weeks at 25° C and with a photoperiod of 16 / 8 hours of light/darkness. Results and discussion: The results showed that fungal species, especially G. intraradices, had considerably effect on most morphological characteristics. The highest content of total phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were recorded in plants inoculated with G. intraradices. Also, the accumulation of nutrients such as calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium and phosphorus in mycorrhizal plants was significantly higher than the control plants. The results of this study were confirmed that the use of mycorrhizal fungi as biological and environmentally friendly fertilizers can be a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers.
Herbal
Fatemeh Nejad-Alimoradi; farkhondeh rezanejad
Abstract
Introduction: Leptadenia pyrotechnica is a medicinal, evergreen and drought-resistant plant that can grow in hot and dry areas in the south of Kerman province with high biomass production, so it plays an important role in preserving the soil and environment. It can be a potential source for secondary ...
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Introduction: Leptadenia pyrotechnica is a medicinal, evergreen and drought-resistant plant that can grow in hot and dry areas in the south of Kerman province with high biomass production, so it plays an important role in preserving the soil and environment. It can be a potential source for secondary metabolites. Methods: In this research, the soil ecological factors of plant distribution areas, plant morphology and some antioxidant compounds in different plant organs were investigated. Results and discussion: The soil analysis of the distribution areas of the plant showed that sandy, non-saline to moderately saline soil with neutral to slightly alkaline acidity and containing sufficient amounts of necessary mineral elements is suitable for the growth of this plant. The presence of relatively thick perianth with a lot of trichomes is one of the adaptive features of the plant against environmental stress conditions. The remarkable features of the reproductive system of the plant, including the Gynostegium and Pollinarium system and their role in pollination, show the evolutionary and advanced features of the plant. The highest content of total phenol, total flavonoid and total anthocyanin was observed in flower, seed and shoot, respectively. The variety and amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds detected in different parts of the plant were different, the main phenolic compound in the shoot, fruit and seed was gallic acid and in the flower, hesperidin. Considering that different organs of this plant species are rich in phenolic compounds; therefore, this species is recommended for use in the pharmaceutical industry.
Herbal
Naser Jafari; Zahra Pournasrollah; Soghra Ramzi
Abstract
Introduction: The Roodbast Wetland in Mazandaran Province serves as a vital agricultural water source and a winter refuge for certain migratory bird species. The analysis of floristic composition and plant diversity within wetland ecosystems stands as a pivotal indicator for monitoring environmental ...
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Introduction: The Roodbast Wetland in Mazandaran Province serves as a vital agricultural water source and a winter refuge for certain migratory bird species. The analysis of floristic composition and plant diversity within wetland ecosystems stands as a pivotal indicator for monitoring environmental shifts.Method: This study encompassed field data collection, followed by laboratory analysis to identify and ascertain the floristic composition, life forms, and chrotype of the plant species within the Roodbast Wetland.Results and discussion: A total of 153 species of vascular plants, distributed across 123 genera and 47 families, have been identified within the Roodbast Wetland. Among these, Poaceae stands out with 16 species (10.46%), followed by Asteraceae with 15 species (9.8%), making them the most prominent plant families. The prevailing life form is Therophyte, while the dominant chorotype consists of pluriregional elements. In terms of habitat distribution, the majority consists of hygrophyte species (43.8 percent), followed closely by marginal species (38.6 percent).
Herbal
Mahideh Habibi kaleibar; sarah khorasaninejad; Mostafa Ebadi Nahari; Ghasem Karimzadeh; mohsen farhadpour; Christian Gruber
Abstract
Introduction: The genus Viola is the largest genus of the Violaceae and includes 525-600 species, of which 19 species are native to Iran. Methods: For the first time, micromorphological studies of leaf characters such as shape, dimensions, and density of stomata and trichomes in 6 species of Violets ...
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Introduction: The genus Viola is the largest genus of the Violaceae and includes 525-600 species, of which 19 species are native to Iran. Methods: For the first time, micromorphological studies of leaf characters such as shape, dimensions, and density of stomata and trichomes in 6 species of Violets were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify useful characters for the identification of species. The characteristics of the leaf such as the dimensions and density of stomata and trichome were measured by image J V.1.52 software. The information was obtained from leaf micromorphological properties were analyzed using SPSS V. 26. Cluster analysis was used by WARD method to determine the species affinity. Results and discussion: The results of the microscopic analysis of the species in terms of micromorphological properties, classified 7 types of trichomes and stomata into 4 groups. The results of the microscopic analysis showed that the trichomes in the studied species are conical, triangular, and uncinate in shape, and there are 3 states: lying, raised, and semi-raised. The longest trichome in V. hirta observed. In all species, stomata were seen as oval in shape. The largest stomatal size was related to V. occulta species and the highest stomatal density was also related to V. hirta species. The results showed that micromorphological characters of six species of viola species, especially V. hirta species identification and separation.
Herbal
abbas abhari
Abstract
In order to predict nitrogen remobilization and effect of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate on the efficiency of water and nitrogen consumption in the fennel, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consisted of planting ...
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In order to predict nitrogen remobilization and effect of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate on the efficiency of water and nitrogen consumption in the fennel, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consisted of planting date at three levels (first: March 13, second: March 27 and third: April 18) and the second factor was nitrogen fertilizer spraying at three levels (ammonium sulfate (21%), ammonium nitrate (25%), and no fertilizer) with concentrations of one in a thousand in beginning of budding stage. The physiological efficiency of nitrogen increased to about 36.5, and the efficiency of water consumption was also increased. Therefore, it can be said that the availability of nitrogen in the plant tissue has a positive effect on the efficiency of water consumption. The results of the mean comparison showed that on the first and second planting date (respectively, with 85.3 and 92.9 mg/g of grain weight), ammonium sulfate foliar spraying treatment produced the highest amount of grain protein. Nevertheless, on the planting date of April 20, ammonium nitrate foliar spraying treatment produced the highest amount of grain protein with 81.12 mg/g of grain weight. Regarding the amount of total chlorophyll, the conditions were different.
Herbal
farzane Bahadori; Fatemeh Rabizadeh
Abstract
In the Iranian Red Data Book, Gypsophile Nepeta (Nepeta eremokosmos Rech. F.) is listed as a threatened species. It is naturally adapted to gypsum habitats. Understanding the relationships between environmental variables and N. eremokosmos distribution helps us apply these findings to establish preservation ...
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In the Iranian Red Data Book, Gypsophile Nepeta (Nepeta eremokosmos Rech. F.) is listed as a threatened species. It is naturally adapted to gypsum habitats. Understanding the relationships between environmental variables and N. eremokosmos distribution helps us apply these findings to establish preservation and cultivation programs. To understand the main adaptive mechanisms of N. eremokosmos to gypsic soils, anatomical analyses were performed. RDA (Redundancy Analysis), Pearson's correlation coefficients between explanatory variables were used to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on the abundance of N. eremokosmos species. Physicochemical characteristics of the soil were investigated in terms of factors including CaCO3, pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity), calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Idioblasts were clearly observed in this species' leaf parenchyma. There are also mineral crystals such as calcium oxalate in the leaf parenchyma that enable the plant to adapt well to gypsic soils. The calcium content was twice as large in N. eremokosmos habitats as in control sites. EC, pH, and nitrogen factors negatively impact this species' frequency and distribution. Our findings revealed that potassium, gypsum, CaCO3, and sand percentage had an essential role in N. eremokosmos abundance. In the future, this study will screen the critical factors for the domestication and cultivation of this species based on its habitat properties.
Herbal
Reza Tamartash; Zahra Zamani; Qodratollah Heydari; Zeinab Jafarian jelodar
Abstract
Introduction: Considering the effect of soil and climatic factors on the quantity and quality of plant essential oils, a study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of climatic and soil factors on the phytochemistry of the medicinal species of Stachys lavandulifolia in Kalakuh of Amol rangeland ...
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Introduction: Considering the effect of soil and climatic factors on the quantity and quality of plant essential oils, a study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of climatic and soil factors on the phytochemistry of the medicinal species of Stachys lavandulifolia in Kalakuh of Amol rangeland and comparing it in northern and southern aspects. Methods: First, random sampling was done in three selected spots with three repetitions from two aspects. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm and transferred to the laboratory. The essential oils of plants were also extracted by water distillation and their composition was identified by GC/MS. In the statistical section, independent t-test was used to compare compounds in the two northern and southern aspects, and Pearson's correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationships between the data. Result and discussion: The results showed that among the extracted compounds, the compound α-Pinene, β-phellandrene, Thymol, Limonene, α-fenchene, γ-cadinene, cis-sabinene hydrate, 1-8-Cineole and Sabinene accounted for the largest percentage. Also, the comparison of the average yield of essential oil in the two aspects showed that the southern aspect has a significantly higher average than the northern aspect. The correlation results also indicated that the index factors of soil grain stability, acidity and silt have a very strong correlation at the five percent level. In general, the present results indicate that the compounds extracted from essential oil of Stachys lavandulifolia plant are strongly influenced by the habitat conditions of the region.
Herbal
Hamid Reza Darafshi; Seied Mohammad Javad Arvin; Fatemeh Nejad-Alimoradi
Abstract
Introduction: Brassinosteroids play an important role in plant growth and development. Seedling is one of the most important factors affecting plant establishment and crop production. Methods: The effects of tomato seed pretreatment with 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) on germination indicators, seedling growth ...
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Introduction: Brassinosteroids play an important role in plant growth and development. Seedling is one of the most important factors affecting plant establishment and crop production. Methods: The effects of tomato seed pretreatment with 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) on germination indicators, seedling growth in the greenhouse and the effect of foliar spraying on plant growth and yield in the field were investigated. The treatments in the germination and seedling production stage included seed soaking (priming) in distilled water (control) and EBL solution with concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 μM for 24 hours. Seedlings obtained by seed priming in EBL (0, 0.5 and 0.75 μM) were transferred to the field and after one month, they were sprayed with concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 0.75 μM. Results and discussion: compared to the control, EBL increased the percentage and speed of seed germination and all physiological and growth parameters, and the effect of 0.75 μM was more significant. The effect of EBL on the measured parameters in the field was also very impressive. Although the effect of seed priming alone in all treatments was significantly better than the foliar spraying alone in all stages, but the combination of these two treatments in both concentrations of 0.5 and 0.75 μM was more significant than seed priming or foliar spraying treatments. Tomato production from the combination of seed priming along with foliar spraying increased by 74% at 0.5 μM and 145% at 0.75 μM concentration compared to the control.
Herbal
Nastaran Rashidi; Ramazan Ali Khavarinejad; Parvin Ramak; Sara Saadatmand
Abstract
Introduction: Chitosan is a polysaccharide that elicits numerous defense responses in plants and affects the growth rate and increasing the production of secondary metabolites. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a medical herb, has many varieties in terms of morphology and secondary compounds. Considering ...
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Introduction: Chitosan is a polysaccharide that elicits numerous defense responses in plants and affects the growth rate and increasing the production of secondary metabolites. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a medical herb, has many varieties in terms of morphology and secondary compounds. Considering the growing trend of salinity and the its risks and the importance of basil in the pharmaceutical and food industries, this study was conducted to investigate the role of chitosan on some physiological and biochemical properties and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme in basil under salinity stress.Methods: After chitosan treatments at a concentration of 200 mg/L, plants were exposed to four levels of NaCl salinity stress, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mM. The activity of PAL enzyme, physiological and biochemical responses were investigated under the effect of the interaction between chitosan and concentrations of salinity stress. Results and discussion: The salinity stress has negative effects on total chlorophyll and carotenoid whereas it increased flavonoid content. In addition, chitosan at high salinity levels had a positive effect on total chlorophyll, and at all salinity levels increased carotenoids content. Catalase and peroxidase enzymes and potassium content of basil also increased in chitosan treatments, which indicates an increase defense response to salinity in plant. Chitosan also increased PAL enzyme activity, as an important parameter in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, which it increased the amount of methyl cavicol of essential oil. In general, the application of chitosan has an effect on the secondary compounds in basil to improve salt-stress tolerance.
Herbal
Fatemeh Shakeri; Fatemeh Moradian; Pouyan Mehraban jobini; Mehran Rostami
Abstract
Subject: The present study was conducted with the aim of nanoemulsifying Thymus vulgaris essential oil to increase its stability and investigate its antibacterial effects on E. coli DH5α bacteria. Methods: First, the initial microemulsion was prepared in the oil phase and then it was transformed ...
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Subject: The present study was conducted with the aim of nanoemulsifying Thymus vulgaris essential oil to increase its stability and investigate its antibacterial effects on E. coli DH5α bacteria. Methods: First, the initial microemulsion was prepared in the oil phase and then it was transformed into a nanoemulsion by ultrasound. The amount of surface charge, viscosity, particle size and morphology of essential oil nanoemulsion was investigated by zeta potential device, DLS and TEM electron microscope. Results: The results showed that the zeta potential of nanoemulsion containing 10 and 30% essential oil was -11.5 and -11.1 mV, respectively. The morphology of the nanoparticles of both samples was spherical and the average size of the nanoemulsion nanoparticles with 10% and 30% essential oil was 43 and 30 nm, respectively. The results of the antibacterial effects of nanoemulsions showed that the nanoemulsion containing 10% essential oil (v/v), with a volume of 30 µl, and the nanoemulsion containing 30% essential oil (v/v), with a volume of 20 µl, had approximately 50% inhibitory effect (IC50) on the growth of E. coli DH5α. Also, the primary essential oil showed approximately 50% inhibition (IC50) on bacterial growth in 20 µl. Conclusion: According to the stability of the produced thyme essential oil nanoemulsions, it can be concluded that the antibacterial effects of this compound have increased compared to the original essence.
Herbal
Sara Ramezani; Sayeh Jafari Marandi; Sedighe Arbabian; Fahimeh Salimpour
Abstract
Introduction: Although all flowering plants share similar stages of development in their vegetative and reproductive organs, there is potential for variation in organ conditions due to gene expression. Understanding flower development stages helps comprehend genetic mechanisms for plant organogenesis ...
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Introduction: Although all flowering plants share similar stages of development in their vegetative and reproductive organs, there is potential for variation in organ conditions due to gene expression. Understanding flower development stages helps comprehend genetic mechanisms for plant organogenesis and morphogenesis. Polygonum bistorta L. is a medicinal plant from the Polygonaceae family. The aim of this study is to examine the anatomical structure of vegetative meristems and investigate several stages of flower development in this species. Hence, this particular species has been gathered from Hamadan Province. Methods:Carmen Zaji, methyl green, hematoxylin, and eosin stains have been used to examine the histology of the plant. An electron microscope photo of the pollen has also been prepared. The Results and Discussion: The investigation has shown that the vascular system of the root and stem in dicotyledons is similar, with collateral vessels in the stem and alternate and pantropical in the root. The vegetative meristem is prominent and domed, and the pollen is spherical and split (tricoplate). The ovule develops into a slightly protruding fruit with thick, lignin-walled cells containing the embryo, which cotyledons fill the bulk of the seed. Calcium oxalate was not found in the studied organs.
Herbal
Leyli Honarmand; Nadali Babaeian Jelodar; Nadali Bagheri; Ali Dehestani; Valiollah Babaezad
Abstract
Introduction: Early blight is one of the most significant tomato diseases and fungicide application is the most common measure used to control its damage. Exploitation of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) and defense inducers have been focused on as alternative strategies to avoid environmental impacts ...
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Introduction: Early blight is one of the most significant tomato diseases and fungicide application is the most common measure used to control its damage. Exploitation of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) and defense inducers have been focused on as alternative strategies to avoid environmental impacts of fungicides. Defense inducers enhance plant defense system against stresses through inducing specific changes in plant physiological characteristics. In the present study the effect of potassium sorbate (KS) on physiological, biochemical and defense response of Alternaria solani-infected tomato plants was investigated. Methods This research was conducted as split plot-factorial with three factors, presence or absence of a pathogen, the use of either KS or distilled water (control) for foliar spraying, and three time courses for sampling (24, 72, and 168 hours). Results: The results showed that the fresh and dry weights in inoculated plants were lower than that of non-inoculated plants. The pathogen caused damage to the plant cell membrane and significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments. Additionally, the amount of MDA and chla in inoculated plants was significantly decreased compared to non-inoculated plants. The activity of POD and CAT enzymes significantly increased in plants treated with KS compared to the control. Chitinase enzyme in plants treated with KS showed a significant increase in the inoculated plants 168 hours, which can be a sign of immune system stimulation. The results revealed that the KS inducer was effective on the weight and growth of plants and reduced biotic stress damages through increased activity of antioxidant and defense enzyme
Herbal
Seyedeh Zeynab Sharifsadat; Mahnaz Aghdasi; Faezeh Ghanati; Mohammad Hossein Arzanesh
Abstract
Introduction: Azospirillum is the nitrogen fixing microorganisms which improves the growth and development of cereals and other gramineae plants in association with their roots. The goal of present study was to investigate the effect of Azospirillum irakense inoculation in combinations with or without ...
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Introduction: Azospirillum is the nitrogen fixing microorganisms which improves the growth and development of cereals and other gramineae plants in association with their roots. The goal of present study was to investigate the effect of Azospirillum irakense inoculation in combinations with or without auxin (IAA) and/or gibberellin (GA3) treatment on the growth and biochemical parameters of rice (Oryza sative cv. hashemi) seedlings, as well as observing the bacterial colonization process in the root cells. Methods: The roots of 21-days-old rice seedlings were treated with different concentrations (0, 100, 200 ppm) of IAA and/or GA3 for 4 weeks after inoculation with Azosprillum. Result & discussion: The process of bacterial colonization involves the formation of a biofilm, disintegration of the wall, entry of bacteria into root parenchymal cells and development of isolated and scattered colonies. Dry and fresh weight of roots and aerial parts, total dry and fresh weight, and relative growth rate was significantly increased after inoculation with bacteria. The highest level of these parameters was obtained in the seedlings which inoculated with bacteria in combinations with IAA plus GA3 treatment. Meanwhile, the amount of hydrogen peroxide in the roots, soluble protein, soluble sugar and phosphorus was significantly increased in both roots and aerial parts of seedlings after inoculation with bacteria in combinations with IAA plus GA3 treatment, compared to the control. Conclusion: According to the current results, the application of Azospirillum irakense in combinations with IAA and GA3 treatment is a powerful strategy to improve rice seedlings growth
