animal
zaniar ghafouri; Soheil Eagderi; Hadi Poorbagher
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the morphological changes of Cyprinion macrostomum in the spring, summer, and autumn and their relationship with the environmental factors in the Little Zab River. For this purpose, sampling was done seasonally in 6 stations with 3 repetitions. Then, to extract morphological ...
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This study aimed to investigate the morphological changes of Cyprinion macrostomum in the spring, summer, and autumn and their relationship with the environmental factors in the Little Zab River. For this purpose, sampling was done seasonally in 6 stations with 3 repetitions. Then, to extract morphological data in the geometric morphometric method, photographs were taken of the samples and 16 landmark points were defined and digitized. Procrust analysis was used to remove non-morphic data from the landmark data. To find the pattern of shape changes and main effective factors, principal component analysis (PCA) was used. Canonical Variates Analysis and 2B-PLS analysis were used to determine the morphological distinction between the populations of sampling stations and to analyze the relationship and correlation between body shape changes and environmental variables, respectively. Based on the results, the morphological characteristics of C. macrostomum of the studied populations in different stations were different in each season. The results of PCA showed changes in the position of the mouth, dorsal fin and caudal peduncle occur in most seasons due to morphological adaptation to the environmental factors of their habitat. 2B-PLS analysis also showed a high correlation and significant difference between body shape and environmental factors in all three seasons (P=0.001, r=0.98). The results also showed a high and significant correlation between the morphological changes of C. macrostomum and the habitat factors of Little Zab River.
animal
Alireza Pesarakloo; Mina Karimi; Raziyeh Alaei
Abstract
Introduction: chemical pollution of water has been introduced as one of the main threats to biological communities. Amphibians have a close relationship with aquatic environments due to their biphasic life cycle, permeable skin and aquatic larvae. the effect of environmental pollutants in some amphibian ...
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Introduction: chemical pollution of water has been introduced as one of the main threats to biological communities. Amphibians have a close relationship with aquatic environments due to their biphasic life cycle, permeable skin and aquatic larvae. the effect of environmental pollutants in some amphibian habitats around Arak and Shazand cities was investigated on egg hatching and survival of green toad larvae Bufotes sitibundus. Materials and methods: the effect of six contaminated water sources and one control source on egg samples was investigated. Physicochemical parameters including PH, TDS, Salt, EC, DO, BOD, COD and elemental analysis using ICP device in water samples and the number of six biological traits such as growth index, physical condition, incubation period of embryo-larval stages, malformation , survival and mortality percentages were investigated in larval samples. Results and discussion: A significant decrease in survival in all containers containing contaminated water compared to the control sample, a decrease in growth in some containers and an increase in growth in one of the breeding containers compared to the water in the control sample, and the occurrence of abnormalities were treated in containers during the larval period. According to the previous researches and the significant results of the current research, the decrease in the survival percentage, the increase in the occurrence of abnormalities, and the difference in the growth percentage in the breeding containers can be attributed to the chemical pollution of the water. COD), attributed the presence of heavy metals and water salinity.
animal
parvin shawrang; maryam sadeghi; Mehdi Behgar; hamed majidi zahed
Abstract
Introduction: The protein quality of honey bee diet affects the growth and performance of the colony. This research was conducted with the aim of studying the effects of gamma irradiated pollen nutrition on bee colony performance. Methods: 32 bee hives were grouped for 4 treatments and 8 repetitions. ...
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Introduction: The protein quality of honey bee diet affects the growth and performance of the colony. This research was conducted with the aim of studying the effects of gamma irradiated pollen nutrition on bee colony performance. Methods: 32 bee hives were grouped for 4 treatments and 8 repetitions. The experimental treatments were 1- diet without pollen, 2- diet containing raw pollen, 3- diet containing gamma irradiated pollen, 4- diet containing Microfeed protein supplement. Functional characteristics of the colony include the extent of queen spawning, the number of population frames, the weight and body composition of nurse bees, the level of malondialdehyde and the antioxidant capacity of the body, hygienic behavior, the level of Nosema parasite contamination, The microbial population of the digestive tract, the growth of acini glands, Vitellogenin gene expression, diet digestibility were determined.The data were analyzed in the form of a completely randomized design. Result: the use of gamma irradiated bee pollen by increasing the digestibility and removing parasitic contamination caused an increase in colony performance, health behavior and health of the digestive tract, increased vitellogenin gene expression, and increased bee body weight at the time of birth. Discussion: The use of gamma irradiated pollen plays an important role in controlling the parasitic infection of the hive and increasing its performance.
animal
Zahra Rashid Kalkhoran; MAHMOOD TALKHABI; Vahid Azizi
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world. Research is ongoing to find new and less risky ways to treat breast cancer. Recent studies on the effect of Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) on various cancers have shown its inhibitory effect on some cancers. Here, the ...
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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world. Research is ongoing to find new and less risky ways to treat breast cancer. Recent studies on the effect of Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) on various cancers have shown its inhibitory effect on some cancers. Here, the effect of AKG on the proliferation and migration of 4T1 breast cancer cells was investigated. Methods: 4T1 cells were treated with different concentrations of AKG, the cell viability was calculated using the MTT test, and 160 μM of AKG was selected. 4T1 cells were cultured in the presence and absence 160 μM AKG, and the growth of 4T1 cells, population doubling time, colony forming potential, cell cycle profile and cell migration rate were investigated. Result and discussion: The results showed that AKG reduces the growth of 4T1 cells and increases the population doubling time in the treatment group compared to the control group. Also, AKG decreased the colony forming potential of 4T1 cells (in terms of colony number and size). AKG caused changes in the cell cycle profile in the treatment group, and the results of the scratch repair test also showed the effects of AKG in reducing the ability of cell migration in the treatment group compared to the control. The results of this study showed that AKG can reduce the survival and proliferation of breast cancer cells. It seems that the use of AKG along with other available treatments can help to control and treat breast cancer.
animal
akbar hajizadeh moghaddam; Kosar Taghizadeh; sedigheh khanjani jelodar; Vahid Hasantabar
Abstract
Introduction: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a common chemical solvent that causes oxidative stress and brain damage. Alpha-pinene with antioxidant properties plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress and improving inflammation. However, Alpha-pinene has low bioavailability due to low solubility. ...
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Introduction: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a common chemical solvent that causes oxidative stress and brain damage. Alpha-pinene with antioxidant properties plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress and improving inflammation. However, Alpha-pinene has low bioavailability due to low solubility. The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effects of Alpha-pinene nanophytosome on brain damage caused by CCl4 in male rats. Metods: In this research, 35 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups control, Alpha-pinene nanophytosome (50 mg/kg ) for 14 days, CCl4 (1 mg/kg) twice a week for 14 days and two CCl4 treated groups with Alpha-pinene and Alpha-pinene nanophytosome (50 mg/kg ) for 14 days. Finally, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes were investigated. Results and discussion: Our results revealed that, the level of GSH (P<0.001) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (P<0.01) in the brain of rats receiving CCl4 significantly decreased compared to the control group, while Alpha-pinene nanophytosome increased significantly. The level of MDA in the brain of rats receiving CCl4 increased significantly (P<0.001) compared to the control group, while Alphapinene nanophytosome significantly reduced MDA level. The findings of this research show that Alpha-pinene nanophytosome can protects the brain against oxidative stress and damage caused by CCl4.
animal
Farrin Babaei-Balderlou; Homayoun Khazali
Abstract
Introduction: It is well established that ghrelinerghic system has an inhibitory effect on reproductive activity. RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) is one of the most important neuropeptides that regulates the mammalian reproduction. Studies have indicated the presence of the ghrelin receptor, called ...
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Introduction: It is well established that ghrelinerghic system has an inhibitory effect on reproductive activity. RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) is one of the most important neuropeptides that regulates the mammalian reproduction. Studies have indicated the presence of the ghrelin receptor, called the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), in the RFRP-3 containing areas in the brain. Thus, it may be possible that ghrelinergic system involves in the control of reproduction through the RFRP-3. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of the GHS-R1a receptors in the regulation of RFRP-3 and its receptor GPR147 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of male rats. Methods: 40 male Wistar rats in were divided in 8 groups (n=5) and each group received saline, 2,-4 or-8nmol ghrelin, 5,-10 or-20nmol D-Lys3-GHRP-6 (DLS), or concomitantly of ghrelin (4nmol) and DLS (10nmol) via the stereotaxically implanted cannula. Hypothalamus of rats was dissected 2h after treatment for evaluation of RFRP-3 and GPR147 mRNA levels. Results: Our findings indicated that 4nmol (P<0.05) or 8nmol (P<0.01) ghrelin injection significantly increased the RFRP-3 mRNA expression compare to saline group. While, the injection of 20nmol DLS significantly (P<0.05) decreased the RFRP-3-mRNA level when compared to saline group. Pretreatment of ghrelin-received animals with DLS prevented the increasing effects of ghrelin on RFRP-3 gene expression. Ghrelin or DLS had no significant effects on hypothalamic GPR147-mRNA levels. Conclusion: The acute activation of GHS-R1a by gherlin has a stimulatory role in hypothalamic RFRP-3 gene expression without any significant effects on GPR147-mRNA level in an acute treatment.
animal
Hossein Rahmani; Driush Bozorgi; Sohrab Koohestan Eskandari; Khosrow JaniKhalili
Abstract
Introduction: Among freshwater invertebrates, leeches are one of the main groups of the world's most widely distributed water resources communities, found in almost all types of freshwater habitats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different blood treatments on the reproduction ...
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Introduction: Among freshwater invertebrates, leeches are one of the main groups of the world's most widely distributed water resources communities, found in almost all types of freshwater habitats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different blood treatments on the reproduction parameters of Caspian leeches, has been done with three repetitions in the year 2019. Methods: In each replication, 10 progenitors were bred over a 5 month period, and once they were fed with blood treatments. At the end of the period, the number of cocoons and larvae were counted and the length, weight and diameter characteristics of the cocoons were measured. Results and discussion: The results showed that in the growth parameters, including the final weight of the generators, the percentage of body weight gain and the specific growth coefficient in chicken (3.06، 461.5، 0.086) and horse (5.22، 857.2، 0.113) treatments were the lowest and highest, respectively (p<0.05). The results of the parameters of reproduction including weight, diameter and length of cocoons in different treatments showed that in chicken (0.205، 0.6، 0.6) and horse (0.785،1.16، 1.5) treatments were the lowest and highest values, respectively (p<0.05). The amount of protein that can be absorbed has also been shown to be almost standard in cow and horse blood. Conclusion: Based on the results of this experiment and according to the studied parameters, horse and cow blood had the best performance and sheep and chicken treatments are not suitable for the reproduction of Caspian leeches.
animal
bita dehghani; yazdani yazdani; mastooreh doustdar; Seyed Ahmadreza Hashemi; ehsan damadi
Abstract
Introduction:The study of fish in aquatic ecosystems is important from many aspects, including ecology, behavior, protection, and management of water resources, exploitation of reserves, and their cultivation the genus Acanthopagrus includes species with high economic importance and many challenges in ...
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Introduction:The study of fish in aquatic ecosystems is important from many aspects, including ecology, behavior, protection, and management of water resources, exploitation of reserves, and their cultivation the genus Acanthopagrus includes species with high economic importance and many challenges in their classification. The reason for this is the morphological similarity between a large number of their species. Methods:The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological diversity of 5 species of Acanthopagrus fishes using traditional morphometry, truss system and geometric morphometry in the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. In the present study, in traditional morphometry17 morphometric charactris and 10 meristic charactris were measured . In the geometric method, 17 landmarks were placed on the images, and then morphological differences between species were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA). Results:In the traditional approach,morphometric charactris show the separation of A. arabicus species from two species, A. bifasciatus and A. catenula, meristic charactris performed much better than quantitative charactris and separated most of the species from each other. The number of lateral line scales and the number of scales above the lateral line showed the greatest role in the separation of the members of this genus. Also, the truss approach separated A. catenula and A. bifasciatus species from other species. The geometric method shows the separation of two species, A. arabicus and A. sheim.
animal
Hamid Darvishnia; Amir Arsalan Kavyani Fard
Abstract
The relatively stable conditions of caves, such as humidity and minimal variation of temperature, provide a suitable place to reproduce, exploit food, and avoid extreme temperatures in some animals, including anurans, which are considered trogloxenes or accidental cave dwellers. Anurans are opportunistic ...
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The relatively stable conditions of caves, such as humidity and minimal variation of temperature, provide a suitable place to reproduce, exploit food, and avoid extreme temperatures in some animals, including anurans, which are considered trogloxenes or accidental cave dwellers. Anurans are opportunistic predators that feed upon numerous food resources that are more abundant in their environment. The diet of variable toads was investigated and compared between specimens collected inside and outside the caves. Using the stomach flushing technique, a total of 37 specimens of variable toads were flushed, and 469 food items were identified to order or family ranks. Examination of the stomach contents of toads demonstrated that the diet of two groups mainly consist of terrestrial insects. The toads outside the cave had a more variable and abundant diet than the specimens examined within the caves, with orders Hymenoptera (44.89%) and Coleoptera (30.38%) as the first and second highest rank of abundance. Coleoptera (48.45%) and Hymenoptera (13.40%) were the most abundant food items among specimens collected from the caves. Greater variety of food items of toads outside the caves compared to the toads within the caves is a reflection of invertebrate communities in both environments. The less diversity and abundance of food items in the cave habitat implies a more intense food competition in the cave's unique environment with low energy resources. The presence of different size preys among the food items also, indicates an opportunistic feeding in this toad.
animal
Masoumeh Zareh; Seyed Ziaedin Mirhoseini; Seyedeh Nafiseh Hasani; Shahrokh Ghovvati
Abstract
Introduction: The main challenge of primordial germ cells (PGC) is their lack of proliferation and self-renewal in the culture medium. One method for inducing the pluripotency of PGC cells is to manipulate intracellular signaling pathways such as TGF-β, and the use of growth factors and small molecules ...
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Introduction: The main challenge of primordial germ cells (PGC) is their lack of proliferation and self-renewal in the culture medium. One method for inducing the pluripotency of PGC cells is to manipulate intracellular signaling pathways such as TGF-β, and the use of growth factors and small molecules is one of the ways to achieve this goal. Materials and methods: Chicken gonadal PGC cells were cultured and incubated with a concentration of 50,000 cells per well in a 24-well plate coated with Matrigel. The experimental groups included four groups: control (basic medium for PGCs culture), treatment with small molecule IDE1 (100 nM; Stemgent, USA, 04-0026), treatment with growth factor A Activin (25 ng/ml; R&D Systems, 338-AC) and treatment with SB431542 (10 µM; Cayman Chemical, 13031) with three replicates from each group. In order to check the amount of cell proliferation, PGC cells were counted in time intervals of 7, 14, 21 days after the treatment with a hemocytometer. The activity of TGF/ẞ signaling pathway was evaluated by examining the expression of SMAD2, SMAD3 and LFTTY1 genes by qRT-PCR method. Results: The effect of Activin A and IDE1 led to an increase in the proliferation of PGCs cells to more than 4 times compared to the control group, and in contrast to the SB431542 group, it led to a decrease in cell proliferation.
animal
Rasoul Karamiani; Amir Dehghani
Abstract
The awareness of the distribution of species is very important in their conservation. Of 35 species lizards of the genus Darevskia Arribas, 1997 (Lacertidae), ten species are documented from Iran. The Azerbaijani lizard D. raddei (Boettger, 1892) include three recognized subspecies D. r. chaldoranensis, ...
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The awareness of the distribution of species is very important in their conservation. Of 35 species lizards of the genus Darevskia Arribas, 1997 (Lacertidae), ten species are documented from Iran. The Azerbaijani lizard D. raddei (Boettger, 1892) include three recognized subspecies D. r. chaldoranensis, D. r. vanensis and D. r. raddei; Darevskia r. raddei is distributed in Ardabil, East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan Provinces. In the study, used the Maximum Entropy approach based on climatic variables, modeled the potential distribution areas and determined the suitable habitats in the Last Interglacial (LIG), and mid-Holocene (MH), the contemporary as well as predicated distribution in the future (2080) under the representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) of greenhouse gas concentration levels for the subspecies. Precipitation of the warmest quarter of the year, mean temperature of the coldest quarter of the year and seasonal temperature were the most important factors in simulated the distribution pattern of the subspecies in the LIG and MH respectively. Mean temperature of the coldest quarter of the year, seasonal temperature, and isothermality variables constructed important contributions to the contemporary distribution it. Precipitation of the warmest quarter of the year, precipitation of the coldest quarter of the year and isothermality were the most important factors affecting species distribution for the future. It seems over time, climatic change has been responsible for destruction of habitats the subspecies, although human activity in the fragmentation, destruction and change of habitats cannot be ignored.
animal
Hossein Noornia; Reza Vakili; Saeid Sobhanirad; Mahdi elahi
Abstract
Introduction: Limited access to water or the presence of pollutants in the source has a significant effect on the health and productivity of animals. Materials and methods: 240 laying hens were tested completely randomly with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions. Experimental treatments include treatment 1: ...
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Introduction: Limited access to water or the presence of pollutants in the source has a significant effect on the health and productivity of animals. Materials and methods: 240 laying hens were tested completely randomly with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions. Experimental treatments include treatment 1: hens with free access to drinking water, treatment 2: hens with free access to water + low concentration of chemicals, treatment 3: hens with free access to drinking water + high concentration of chemicals, treatment 4: hens access to water every night + low concentration of chemicals and 50% limitation in average daily water consumption, treatment 5: hens access to water every night + high concentration of chemicals and 50% limitation in average daily water consumption. Results and discussion: The performance indexes were significantly affected by the effect of the treatments. Egg white and shell weight, specific gravity, egg shell shape and thickness index, corticosterone, aspartate aminotransferase enzyme, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine and blood calcium index as well as the number of white blood cells, number of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit were not affected by experimental treatments.
animal
Raziye Rashidi Ilzoleh; Vahid Akmali
Abstract
Introduction: In many insect species, cannibalism has been reported as a natural behavior, and in this behavior, complete insects and larvae feed on eggs and pupae in the absence of food. Materials and methods: In the present study, seven diet groups, each of which contains a mixture of wheat bran with ...
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Introduction: In many insect species, cannibalism has been reported as a natural behavior, and in this behavior, complete insects and larvae feed on eggs and pupae in the absence of food. Materials and methods: In the present study, seven diet groups, each of which contains a mixture of wheat bran with barley, corn, and beetle, were provided as beetle breeding environments. The effect of the above diets groups in the presence of carrot (saturation period) and the absence of fruit (hungry period) on the selective cannibalism behavior of whole insects and larvae from eggs and yellow flour beetle was investigated. Results and discussion: The results of the selective behavior analysis of beetle showed that they prefer eggs first and then pupae, which is probably due to their searching behavior in the bed of the breeding environment containing eggs, as well as the eggs' inability to avoid hunting. In the selective behavior of the larvae, it was observed that they attack the pupae first rather than the complete insects, which is probably due to the inability of the pupae to avoid prey and also having a soft and moist body. Also, the results of this research showed that the nutrition factor and diet quality have a significant effect on cannibalism. In the study of the effect of periods of starvation (12, 24, 36, 48) on the rate of cannibalism of the whole insect, it was observed that insects with more than 12 hours of starvation show the highest rate of cannibalism.
animal
Zahra Mehrabani; Soheil Eagderi; Hadi Poorbagher
Abstract
Intrudaction: This work was conducted to study the morphological variation of longspine scraper (Capoeta trutta) in seven populations in the Iranina sub-basins of the Persian Gulf basin, including Sirvan, Little Zab, Karun, Karkheh, Zemkan, Godarkhosh and Zohreh. Methods: For this purpose, 161 specimens ...
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Intrudaction: This work was conducted to study the morphological variation of longspine scraper (Capoeta trutta) in seven populations in the Iranina sub-basins of the Persian Gulf basin, including Sirvan, Little Zab, Karun, Karkheh, Zemkan, Godarkhosh and Zohreh. Methods: For this purpose, 161 specimens were sampled using cast-net and electrofishing device. To extract morphological data in the geometric morphometric method, photographs were taken from the left side of fish, and then 18 landmark-points were digitized on their 2D images. Results and Discussion: The results of Canonical Variate Analysis showed that Godarkhosh and Little Zab populations are separated from others. Based on the results of Mahalanobis distances between the studied populations, the maximum and minimum distances were between Tang-shive and Godarkhosh populations and Sirvan and Zemkan populations, respectively. Based on the Cluster analysis, the populations of Karkheh, Karun, Sirvan, Zemkan and Tang-shive were clustered together and Godarkhosh and Little Zab in another one. The results also showed the phenotypic plasticity of this species in adapting to different habitats in traits including depth of head, trunk and tail as well as head length, based on habitat conditions.
animal
Fariba Mahmoudi; soheila alypoor; arash abdolmaleki; khadijeh haghighat
Abstract
Introduction: Improvement of peripheral nerve damage is one of the most important challenges clinically. Using new methods such as nano drugs and natural compounds can be a suitable option due to their effective effects and less side effects. In this study, the synergistic effects of eugenol and cerium ...
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Introduction: Improvement of peripheral nerve damage is one of the most important challenges clinically. Using new methods such as nano drugs and natural compounds can be a suitable option due to their effective effects and less side effects. In this study, the synergistic effects of eugenol and cerium oxide nanoparticles was investigated on sciatic nerve recovery in a rat model. Method and material: In this study, twenty-eight male rats weighing 250-300 g were divided into four groups (n=7). The control group and sciatica model injected saline (0.5ml, IP). Two groups model sciatic received intraperitoneally (50 mg/kg eugenol and 20 mg/kg cerium oxide nanoparticles) or (100 mg/kg eugenol and 20 mg/kg cerium oxide nanoparticles). Then sensory and motor behavioral tests performed. The muscle tissue removed. Finally, changes in muscle weight investigated. Results: Intraperitoneal injection of eugenol plus cerium oxide nanoparticles increased the recovery speed of sensory and motor neurons compared to the sciatica model group. Also, in the group receiving eugenol plus cerium oxide the amount of muscle atrophy was lower. The improvement of nerve tissue was significant in the high-dose group. Conclusion: The results showed that eugenol/cerium oxide accelerates the regeneration of nerve tissue. Therefore, its neuroprotective potential can be used to treat diseases related to peripheral nerve damage.
animal
gholamhossein khedri; Vahid Azizi
Abstract
In the present epoch, extensive, diverse and increasing studies of behavioral genetics, biology, neurophysiology and even neurophilosophy as well as comprehensive applications of empirical tools for describing the foundations of spirituality and faith in religions of human beings have posed serious questions ...
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In the present epoch, extensive, diverse and increasing studies of behavioral genetics, biology, neurophysiology and even neurophilosophy as well as comprehensive applications of empirical tools for describing the foundations of spirituality and faith in religions of human beings have posed serious questions and ambiguities about the origin and nature of religion and even faith. Dean Hamer (1951-) aimed to identify meaningful correlations between behavioral genetics, molecular genetics as well as psychological studies and profound experiences (spirituality and faith). According to Hamer, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) - aka God gene- plays a quintessential role in spiritual and faith experiences. The present paper seeks to measure and evaluate the theory of God gene. In doing so, it first argues that the information contained in genes and gene polymorphisms cannot possibly provide a complete explanation of the processes of spirituality and faithism and do not unveil human faith and logical revelation of human belief. Thus, answering this question more accurately warrants more extensive research. Second, such physicalism is confined to the physical aspects of human beings, and the metaphysical and spiritual aspects of human existence fall largely outside of this realm. Third, there are competing theories set forth against Hamer's theory, proving that basic beliefs and faiths are not genetically rooted nor inherited whatsoever. However, the role of matter (genes and their products) in the functioning of the mind in the occurrence of semantic and faith actions can not be denied and gave it a zero degree role.
animal
Somayeh Ghasemzadeh Dehkordi; Abdolhassan Doulah; Maryam Rafieirad
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a destroyer of dopamine neurons in the dense structure of the substantia nigra and other areas of the brainstem. Anxiety and depression are common in Parkinson's. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oleuropein and exercise on anxiety and depression in animal ...
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Parkinson's disease is a destroyer of dopamine neurons in the dense structure of the substantia nigra and other areas of the brainstem. Anxiety and depression are common in Parkinson's. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oleuropein and exercise on anxiety and depression in animal models of Parkinson's disease. In this experimental study, 40 rats were divided into five groups: control, Parkinson's (6-hydroxy dopamine to the striatum area unilaterally), swimming practice (five sessions per week and 30 minutes each session), oleuropein recipient for 4 weeks (20 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) and combined with swimming practice and oleuropein. To assess anxiety, the elevated plus maze test was performed and to assess depression, the open box test was performed. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the differences between the groups. The results showed that the use of oleuropein with exercise significantly increased the duration of Parkinson's model animal in the Plus open maze arms (P<0.05). Also, the use of oleuropein with exercise in open feild box testing significantly increases the number of animals crossing the central square and significantly reduces the number of crossings of marginal squares and the number of hands raised (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that exercise combined with oleuropein consumption can improve anxiety and depression behaviors in Parkinson's rats with its antioxidant effect.
animal
fatemeh Naghibi; Abuolfazl Askary Sary
Abstract
This study has about to compare the protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, ash and humidity between Oreochromis niloticus (importfish) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (farmed trout).The samples were collected from Ahwaz bazars by determining their entry origin. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS17 software, ...
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This study has about to compare the protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, ash and humidity between Oreochromis niloticus (importfish) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (farmed trout).The samples were collected from Ahwaz bazars by determining their entry origin. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS17 software, Duncan's test and the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA). The significant difference was determined level of 95% (P=0.05). The level of carbohydrate in the muscle of both studied fish was 2.72±1.59 and the rate of fiber was non-measurable and zero. The maximum rate of protein, fat and ash were respectively 22.14, 6.76, 3.8g per 100g dry weight. The maximum rate of the humidity was also 75.6%. The maximum amount of protein and fat was seen in farmed trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the maximum rate of ash and humidity was observed in Oreochromis niloticus. The rate of ash and protein didn't have a significant difference between two species (P≥0.05) but there was a significant difference between the rate of humidity and the amount of fat (p<0.05).
animal
Behrouz Behrouzi-Rad
Abstract
The Present study conducted during March-September 2015 on Ghabre Nakhoda Island in Khure Mosa Creek in Khozestan Province. Entrance of the Bridled TernOnychoprion anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786) to Gabre Nakhoda Island started in mid-March and they leaved island after breeding in mid-September 2015. In 142 ...
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The Present study conducted during March-September 2015 on Ghabre Nakhoda Island in Khure Mosa Creek in Khozestan Province. Entrance of the Bridled TernOnychoprion anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786) to Gabre Nakhoda Island started in mid-March and they leaved island after breeding in mid-September 2015. In 142 selected nests, breeding success rates, large and small diameter parameters, the shape, size, volume, and weight of eggs before hatching and chicks after birth were measured. Averages of large diameter, small diameter, and depth of nests were 23.42±0.42, 19.08±0.29, and 3.07±0.17centimeter respectively. Averages of large diameter, small diameter, volume shape, and weight of eggs were 43.43±0.23, 31.11± 0.15 mm, 20.453±1.12 mm3, and 21.98±0.35gr respectively. Average of incubation period was 28.5±1.5 day. Average success of the nestling, post nestling, and fledging were 92.60, 91.44, and 73.94 percent respectively. Most of the mortality was 12 percent at post-nestling and minimum was 5 percent at incubation period.
animal
Mosayeb Aalipour; Yazdan Keivany; Eisa Ebrahimi
Abstract
in the inland waters of Iran and little is known about this species in Iranian waters. In this study, some biological characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as an exotic fish were examined in 355 specimens collected monthly from Beheshtabad River of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province ...
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in the inland waters of Iran and little is known about this species in Iranian waters. In this study, some biological characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as an exotic fish were examined in 355 specimens collected monthly from Beheshtabad River of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province during April 2013 to March 2014. Total length of females and males ranged from 17.1 to 40.2 cm (26.05±4.54SD) and from 15.5 to 40.3 cm (24.9±5.93), respectively. Among all the examined stomachs, 39 were empty (Vacuity index, Vi= 11%). This variation was not significantly diffrent (P˃0.05) over the year and the maximum number of empty stomachs was recorded during the spring and the minimum during the autumn. The diet of the rainbow trout was composed of 45 different prey taxa, belonging to 10 main classes. The most important prey items were Annelida (Oligochaeta and Hirudinea), Platyhelminthes (Turbellaria), Arthropoda (Crustacea, Insecta and Archanida), Mollusca (Gastropoda and Lamellibranchiata), Coelenterata (Cnidaria) and Teleostei. Hirudinea, Crustacea, Insecta, Gastropoda, Teleostei and Lamellibranchiata were the most important prey items in all seasons. Crustacea, Insecta, Gastropoda and Teleostei were the most important prey items in all months. Sex did not appear to have any significant effects on the diet composition and on the main prey items consumed by the fish. Fish size showed significant effects on diet composition and the average size of prey increased with fish size. The rainbow trout could be considered a carnivorous fish, feeding on a wide range of prey items.
animal
Morteza Naderi
Abstract
Great bustard as a globally threatened species faces extinction risk in Iran. Great Bustard’s habitat is strongly destructed by agricultural activities and land use change. Urgent integrated activities are obligatory to save it from extinction vortex. Great bustard faces with different levels of ...
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Great bustard as a globally threatened species faces extinction risk in Iran. Great Bustard’s habitat is strongly destructed by agricultural activities and land use change. Urgent integrated activities are obligatory to save it from extinction vortex. Great bustard faces with different levels of threats that put it at the extinction risk like very low abundance, agricultural activities especially in the breeding season, waste mismanagement which attract wild and domestic predators, collecting and even touching the eggs. Stopping farm crops’ harvest for three consecutive years, or to postpone harvesting time while keeping Great bustard strips, phylogenetic study to determine the closest donor population, waste management, predators controlling, species ringing and satellite tracking are some of the high priority activities should be considered.
animal
Asma YarAhmadi; Moustafa Ghafari; Ahmad Gharayi; Musayeb Seyedi Ab Alvan
Abstract
Rotifers is frequently used as indicator test animals of water pollutants due to their sensitivity and ecological importance. In present study, population response of rotifer B. calyciflorus to six different concentrations of carbaryl (0, 1, 10, 100, 200 and 400 µg/l(parts per billion)) with three ...
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Rotifers is frequently used as indicator test animals of water pollutants due to their sensitivity and ecological importance. In present study, population response of rotifer B. calyciflorus to six different concentrations of carbaryl (0, 1, 10, 100, 200 and 400 µg/l(parts per billion)) with three replicates per concentration was studied for 6 days. Rotifer density and specific growth rate were calculated daily in the control and treatments containing carbaryl. Result showed that, rotifer population growth decreased significantly (p< 0.05) with increasing carbaryl concentration in the medium. The maximum density in six day belongs to control (49.15± 0.05 ind/ml) and minimum density belongs to treatments containing concentration of 400 µg/l carbaryl (6.28± 0/1 ind/ml). Also, the rotifer specific growth rate decreased significantly (p< 0.05) (from 0.71± 0/006 in control group to 0.37± 0/003 in concentration of 400 µg/l) with increasing concentration of this pesticide. The results showed that the pesticide carbaryl even at very low concentrations can highly affect the population rotifer B. calyciflorus.
