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Zahra Rashid Kalkhoran; MAHMOOD TALKHABI; Vahid Azizi
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world. Research is ongoing to find new and less risky ways to treat breast cancer. Recent studies on the effect of Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) on various cancers have shown its inhibitory effect on some cancers. Here, the ...
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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world. Research is ongoing to find new and less risky ways to treat breast cancer. Recent studies on the effect of Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) on various cancers have shown its inhibitory effect on some cancers. Here, the effect of AKG on the proliferation and migration of 4T1 breast cancer cells was investigated. Methods: 4T1 cells were treated with different concentrations of AKG, the cell viability was calculated using the MTT test, and 160 μM of AKG was selected. 4T1 cells were cultured in the presence and absence 160 μM AKG, and the growth of 4T1 cells, population doubling time, colony forming potential, cell cycle profile and cell migration rate were investigated. Result and discussion: The results showed that AKG reduces the growth of 4T1 cells and increases the population doubling time in the treatment group compared to the control group. Also, AKG decreased the colony forming potential of 4T1 cells (in terms of colony number and size). AKG caused changes in the cell cycle profile in the treatment group, and the results of the scratch repair test also showed the effects of AKG in reducing the ability of cell migration in the treatment group compared to the control. The results of this study showed that AKG can reduce the survival and proliferation of breast cancer cells. It seems that the use of AKG along with other available treatments can help to control and treat breast cancer.
animal
gholamhossein khedri; Vahid Azizi
Abstract
In the present epoch, extensive, diverse and increasing studies of behavioral genetics, biology, neurophysiology and even neurophilosophy as well as comprehensive applications of empirical tools for describing the foundations of spirituality and faith in religions of human beings have posed serious questions ...
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In the present epoch, extensive, diverse and increasing studies of behavioral genetics, biology, neurophysiology and even neurophilosophy as well as comprehensive applications of empirical tools for describing the foundations of spirituality and faith in religions of human beings have posed serious questions and ambiguities about the origin and nature of religion and even faith. Dean Hamer (1951-) aimed to identify meaningful correlations between behavioral genetics, molecular genetics as well as psychological studies and profound experiences (spirituality and faith). According to Hamer, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) - aka God gene- plays a quintessential role in spiritual and faith experiences. The present paper seeks to measure and evaluate the theory of God gene. In doing so, it first argues that the information contained in genes and gene polymorphisms cannot possibly provide a complete explanation of the processes of spirituality and faithism and do not unveil human faith and logical revelation of human belief. Thus, answering this question more accurately warrants more extensive research. Second, such physicalism is confined to the physical aspects of human beings, and the metaphysical and spiritual aspects of human existence fall largely outside of this realm. Third, there are competing theories set forth against Hamer's theory, proving that basic beliefs and faiths are not genetically rooted nor inherited whatsoever. However, the role of matter (genes and their products) in the functioning of the mind in the occurrence of semantic and faith actions can not be denied and gave it a zero degree role.
